Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies
Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN: 3049-0723 Online is a pioneering multidisciplinary Multilingual online journal dedicated to the rich and varied field of Tamil studies. Published monthly from India, this journal serves as an essential platform for researchers, academics, and students eager to share their insights, research findings, and innovative ideas in the realms of Tamil language, literature, culture, history, and more. In an era where academic discourse is becoming increasingly digital and accessible, Tamilmanam stands out as a beacon for those seeking to contribute to and engage with the Tamil intellectual community worldwide. Name of Journal : Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies Variant Title (In Regional) தமிழ்மணம் சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ் Journal Abbreviation: Tamilmanam IRJTS Journal Category : Multidisciplinary Year of Journal Started : 2024 Publishing frequency: Monthly Publication Format : Online Mode Publication language: Multi Language Tamil (தமிழ்) & English Publisher : Department of Library Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Publisher Address: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College/@10.6636515,76.9942182,17z/data=!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!2sNallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk!3m5!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001 Publication Guidelines : Follow the author's guidelines Editor in Chief: Dr. B. Aruljothi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET Profile Review Process : Open Peer Review Method Acceptance Period : Based on review 1 to 2 weeks.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Autonomous - Pollachi 642001 Tamilnadu, INDIA e-Mail : ngm@ngmc.org
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சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் தலைவியின் சமூகக் கட்டமைப்பு: தொல்காப்பியம் முதல் சங்கத் தொகை நூல்கள் வரையிலான பன்முக ஆய்வு
In the Tamil classical literary tradition, particularly within Sangam literature, the social structure of the heroine (thalaivi) against the backdrop of Akam (interior/love) conventions serves as the pivot for individual morality, household management, and cultural values. Although ancient Tamil society divided the landscape into five thinais (physiographic eco-zones) and structured a lifestyle in harmony with nature, a woman's personality and agency within the institution of the family were meticulously defined. This paper investigates the social role of the heroine through the framework of the grammatical rules found in the Kalaviyal (the grammar of clandestine love) and Karpiyal (the grammar of wedded love) sections of Tolkappiyam, supported by textual evidence from anthologies (Thogai Noolgal) such as Kuruntogai, Narrinai, Akananuru, and Purananuru. This text extensively evaluates how a woman's place in ancient Tamil society was constructed through her four characteristic virtues during pre-marital love (kalavu), her domestic duties in wedded life (karpu), the psychological transitions experienced during elopement (udanpokku), the marital discords (oodal) resulting from the hero's patronage of courtesans (parathaimai), and the virtue of hospitality (virundhombal).
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சூழலியற் பெண்ணியப் பார்வையில் ‘36 வயதினிலே’ திரைப்பிரதி: ஓர் ஆழமான கோட்பாட்டு ஆய்வு
This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the 2015 Tamil film ‘36 Vayadhinile’, directed by Rosshan Andrrews, from an ecofeminist perspective. It examines how the film constructs the personality evolution and identity reclamation of Vasanthi, a middle-class housewife, by intertwining her journey with terrace gardening and organic farming initiatives. Drawing upon the core principles of ecofeminism, this paper explains the inherent connection between women and nature, the distinct ways in which a patriarchal society oppresses both women and the environment simultaneously, and how both mutually attain liberation from this oppression. Furthermore, the film's emphasis on toxin-free food production is discussed in detail, highlighting its alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), rooted in the philosophies of organic farming scientist G. Nammalvar and ecofeminist Vandana Shiva.
Sacred Spaces and Cultural Practices in Tiruppur District
This study examines the relationship between sacred spaces and cultural practices in Tiruppur District, with attention to the historical growth of temples, village shrines, ritual centres, and religious settings that continue to shape local society. The study analyses the interaction between religion, community identity, oral traditions, seasonal festivals, and regional customs within both rural and urban settings. Sacred spaces in Tiruppur district function not only as centres of worship but also as institutions connected with social organisation, economic activity, folk performance traditions, and collective memory. The article investigates major Shaiva, Vaishnava, Amman, and folk deity worship traditions found across the district, Using historical, anthropological, and sociological perspectives, the study interprets sacred spaces as cultural institutions that reflect changing patterns of faith, social hierarchy, gender participation, and regional identity. The article further examines the role of inscriptions, oral narratives, and local traditions in preserving the historical consciousness of the district.
Copyright (c) 2026 V. Sankar, Dr. R Shangameswaran M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
கரிசல் நிலத்தின் சூழலியல் பிரக்ஞை: சோ. தர்மன் சிறுகதைகளின் பன்முக வாசிப்பு
In the landscape of modern Tamil literature, Cho. Dharman stands out as one of the most prominent figures for meticulously recording the authentic nature and evolving facets of the Karisal (black soil) region. His short stories, particularly those included in the collection Neerpazhi (Water Guilt/Defilement), focus on the bond between humans and nature, as well as the fissures caused in this bond by modernization. This article extensively analyzes Cho. Dharman's works through the lens of Ecocriticism and the Sangam-era Thinai (landscape-based) literary theory. It explores issues such as the pollution of water bodies due to industrial waste, the loss of habitat faced by birds due to deforestation and urbanization, and the socio-economic changes resulting from the abandonment of traditional millet farming. Furthermore, through statistical data and tables, it examines the decline in Tamil Nadu's water bodies and agricultural environment. This article demonstrates that Dharman’s stories are not merely fiction, but serve as an ecological death warrant for a specific landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 A.Thilagavathi, Dr. S. Selvakumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
காலக் கணக்கியல் மற்றும் சுபகாரிய மேலாண்மை: இந்திய ஜோதிட மரபில் முகூர்த்த நிர்ணய விதிகளின் பகுப்பாய்வு
This paper provides a comprehensive scientific and socio-cultural analysis of 'Muhurtha Astrology' (Electional Astrology), one of the primary branches of traditional Indian astrology. The study describes the contributions of the five pillars of the almanac (Panchangam)—namely Tithi (lunar day), Vaaram (weekday), Nakshatram (asterism/star), Yogam, and Karanam—which form the backdrop for selecting the most auspicious time for significant life milestones such as marriages, housewarmings (Grihapravesam), and the initiation of new businesses. Furthermore, using sample horoscopic charts, Dasa-Bhukti (planetary periods), and the positioning of Maandhi, this research highlights the mathematical-astrological rules required to precisely calculate auspicious Muhurthas. The final section offers a comparative analysis of the psychological benefits, scientific perspectives, and spiritual viewpoints associated with these Muhurtha calculations.
Copyright (c) 2026 A.G.Sampathkumar, Dr. G. Subramanian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ஆற்றுப்படை நூல்களில் நல்லியக்கோடனின் கொடைச் சிறப்புகள்: ஒரு விரிவான வரலாற்று மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பகுப்பாய்வு
In the history of ancient Tamil Nadu, the Sangam era stands as a golden age of art, culture, valor, and philanthropy. A person possessing the capability to rule a country is referred to as a king (Arasan or Mannan). When the territory is small, he is called a chieftain (Kurunila Mannan). A king is one who establishes a stable governance. A ruling monarch must govern efficiently, centering his administration on justice and neutrality. A king's glory depends entirely on the excellence of his reign. Compared to contemporary rulers, the reign of Nalliyakkodan was loftier, purer, and deeply rooted in righteousness, much like the sacred right-coiled conch (Valampuri Sangu). His rule was more distinguished than even that of the three crowned monarchs—the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas. In the land under his righteous sceptre (Sengol), there were no bandits who ambushed, assaulted, and plundered the belongings of travelers for a living. His country was well-guarded, and there was no room for any evil to thrive. This section briefly analyzes the nature of Nalliyakkodan's country and the excellence of his governance. Particularly, as depicted in Sirubanarruppadai, Nalliyakkodan is portrayed as a ruler who embodied the collective philanthropic virtues of all the Last Seven Patrons (Kadaiyezhu Vallalgal). This paper provides a detailed analysis of his philanthropic prowess, valor, character traits, and the archaeological and historical background of the Oiyma-nadu kingdom that he ruled.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Revathi, Dr N.Manikkam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சிறுபஞ்சமூலம்: தமிழரின் அறநெறி மற்றும் மருத்துவ வாழ்வியல்
In the history of Tamil literature, the Post-Sangam period is considered the renaissance era of moral codes and ethics. The Pathinenkeelkanakku (Eighteen Lesser Texts) collections composed during this period play a primary role in regulating human society and enhancing individual values. Among these, Sirupanchamoolam, named after a medicinal concept, holds a unique place. Just as the roots of the five herbs—Kandankathari (Yellow-berried nightshade), Siruvazhuthunai (Wild eggplant), Sirumalli (African bowstring hemp), Perumalli (Indian nightshade), and Nerunji (Puncture vine)—cure bodily ailments and promote physical well-being, the five moral values embedded in each poem of this text eradicate the internal disease of human ignorance and safeguard spiritual well-being. Authored by the Jain poet Kariyasan, this work presents concepts such as education, discipline, charity, social responsibility, and impermanence through profound analogies. Notably, by emphasizing the Jain principle of non-violence (Ahimsa) and community welfare activities like water management, it serves as a practical guide for life. The objective of this research paper is to comprehensively analyze the literary beauty, historical background, medicinal elements, and social ethics of this therapeutic text.
Copyright (c) 2026 M.Gohila, Dr N.Manikkam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
பழந்தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் கடலும் காற்றும்
The ocean and the wind are the primary fundamental forces that enable the earth to reap immense benefits. The dynamics created by the ocean and the wind form the basis for the changes that occur on land. In addition to stabilizing the earth's climate, they play a leading role in the earth's water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, atmospheric quality, and maritime transport. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the various changes and effects caused by ocean water and wind through the lens of Sangam literature.
Chronological intelligence of Sangam Tamils
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. M. Thamaraiselvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
திருக்குறளில் அலர்: அகப்பொருள் மரபும் வள்ளுவரின் உளவியல் நுட்பமும் - ஓர் விரிவான ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, Akam (the interior landscape) is not merely a depiction of romantic life; it is an expression of the deep emotional struggles of the human mind. While romantic life has been held in high esteem from Sangam literature through the Tirukkural, the social factor known as Alar (public rumor/scandal) reveals the challenges such relationships face in the eyes of society. This article focuses on the chapter "Alar Arivuruthal" (Announcing the Rumor - Chapter 115) within the Inbathupal (Book of Love) of the Tirukkural. It provides a detailed analysis of the connection between Sangam literary traditions and Valluvar's innovative psychological perspective. This study establishes how Thiruvalluvar approaches the spreading of rumors regarding the secret love (Kalavu) of the hero and heroine from a positive standpoint. Specifically, this research analyzes: The grammatical definitions of the terms Alar, Ambal, and Gowvai. The tradition of Varaivu Kadathal (urging for marriage) as formulated by Tolkappiyar. The unique metaphors employed by Valluvar. Ultimately, it is proven that Alar serves not as a social barrier, but as a catalyst for marriage (Varaivu) and a nutrient that fosters the growth of love..
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Divahar M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
தமிழ் முதுகுடியின் திறை முறையும் அளவீட்டு அலகுகளும் பற்றிய கல்வெட்டு சான்றுகள்
Literature and epigraphs serve as two powerful witnesses that aid us in understanding the greatness of the Tamil people. Recognizing the significance of these epigraphs, a wealth of information—including the names of the various taxes mentioned therein, the specific purposes for which they were collected from the peoples, the methods of their collection, the measurements used to determine their ratio, the reasons for tax exemptions, and the authorities empowered to impose them—has been compiled here. These taxes, which constituted the primary source of state revenue, are most abundantly documented in the epigraphs dating back to the Chola and Pandya periods. Inscriptions reveal that our ancestors classified and administered a greater variety of taxes than those we pay today. Agriculture, industry, commerce, endowment functioned exceptionally well within every sphere of society. In all activities, including agriculture, they identified the specific category of the activity and collected taxes as a share, in accordance with its nature. Furthermore, tax rates were determined only after extensive studies encompassing various factors, such as the nature of the land, the quality of the yield, and the type of crops cultivated. Consequently, the methods for assessing the quantum of taxes to be collected were established across several categories, including counting, weighing, linear measurement, and volumetric measurement. The available evidence has been presented sequentially, without being categorized by specific time periods, geographical regions, or rulers. Since current units of measurement, such as grams, litres, and cents have been presented in comparison with earlier measurement systems and an understanding of these taxes can be obtained at the end of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.P.Deepa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சீனு ராமசாமி கவிதைகளில் வறுமை மற்றும் சமூக எதார்த்தவாதத்தின் பரிமாணங்கள்: ஒரு விரிவான சமூக-இலக்கிய ஆய்வு
The depiction of poverty in Seenu Ramasamy's poems is not merely a subject matter; it serves as a crucial social record and a mirror reflecting the existential crises of modern human beings. His poems express the lives of grassroots people affected by economic crises in daily life using highly nuanced and deeply emotional language. Hunger, unemployment, insurmountable debt burdens, social inequality, and the complex life struggles of the urban poor stand out as the central themes of his works. In particular, through poems like "Nilai" (The Condition), "Tholaipesiyin Kural" (The Voice of the Telephone), and "Pugahr Pettiyin Meethu Paduthurangum Poonai" (The Cat Sleeping on the Complaint Box), he profoundly records how poverty does not just affect a person's physical needs, but rather shatters their mental well-being and social existence. This paper analyzes Seenu Ramasamy's poetry collections from a sociological and literary perspective, while also extensively exploring statistical data regarding prevailing poverty in India and how these poems engage in dialogue with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Seenu Ramasamy's works are not mere words; they stand as the voice of the marginalized and a witness against the silence of the ruling class.
Copyright (c) 2026 P. Dilli Babu, Dr. Ravi R. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
அஷ்டவர்க்கத்தில் 6, 7 பாவங்களின் தாக்கம் ஆய்வு -2
Astrology is the ancient science of predicting human destiny based on the celestial positions of luminaries and planets. In the context of human life, marriage is considered a sacred union—not just between two souls, but between two families. Traditionally, astrological compatibility for marriage emphasizes the Dasa Porutham (ten matches), Mars Dosha (Sevvai Dosham), Rahu-Ketu Dosha, and Kalathra Dosha. However, we frequently observe cases where marriages fail despite high compatibility scores, while others thrive even with minimal traditional matches. To address these contradictions, this research utilizes Ashtakavarga, a specialized branch of astrology that provides a more nuanced numerical strength analysis. While the Rasi chart provides a general overview, the Sarvashtakavarga determines the true strength of a house (Bhava) based on the number of Bindus (benefic points) it receives. Specifically, the 7th House, which governs marital bliss, plays a pivotal role. This study is based on 50 case studies of individuals who have undergone divorce. The paper provides a detailed analysis of how deficiencies in Ashtakavarga points, particularly the disparity in Bindus between the 6th and 7th Houses, impact marital stability and lead to domestic discord.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.K.A.VELU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
நந்திக்கலம்பகத்தில் நந்திவர்மனின் சிறப்புகள்
Kalambaka literature has a special place in Tamil literary genres. This song, which consists of various verses and verses, is sung to honor the leader of the song. Considered to be the first of the Kalambaka literatures, Nandikalambagam was sung with Nandivarman III, the ruler of Thondai as the lead singer. It is a tradition that most of the songs that sing about Pataida Thalaivan are set in Pataan Thani. Nandivarman's attributes such as generosity, bravery, and kindness have been extensively discussed in the literature. Since Nandikalambagam is the first book in the genre of Kalambaka literature to appear in Tamil, it can be understood that this literature has also contributed to the emergence of other literatures. Various internal and external departments present in the literature are helpful in enhancing the literary taste. Through the Patan Thani songs featured in Nandikalambaka, we can learn about the merits of Nandivarman III and understand the structure of Patan Thani on the basis of genealogy.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Govindammal, Dr. KT.Murugesan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சலவான் புதினத்தில் குறவர் இன மக்களின் தொழில், சடங்குமுறை மற்றும் சமூக-பொருளாதார வாழ்வியல்: ஓர் இனவரைவியல் ஆய்வு
Using the novel Salavan written by author Pandiakkannan as its primary source, this article extensively examines the lifestyle of the Kuravar community, one of the marginalized societies of Tamil Nadu. The work meticulously records the history of how their traditional occupation of hunting transformed over time into pig rearing and sanitation work. As part of the study, the types of pig breeds described in the novel Salavan, the challenges in pig farming, and the life-threatening risks involved in manual scavenging (cleaning cesspools) are analyzed from a sociological perspective. Furthermore, cultural elements such as puberty rituals, marriage ceremonies, and funeral rites are explained in comparison with the traditions of other tribal groups. The article also discusses in detail the community's language, Vagribooli, their historical background, the impact of the British-era 'Criminal Tribes Act', and the significance of their recent inclusion (2022) in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list. This study confirms how Pandiakkannan’s work serves not merely as a novel, but as 'Doco-fiction' documenting the existence of a community.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Kowsalya, Dr. A. Kavitharani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சிலப்பதிகாரம் காட்டும் வாழ்வியல் அறங்கள்: ஒரு விரிவான சமூகவியல் மற்றும் அறவியல் ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, the genre known as Chitrilakkiyam (Minor Literature) or Prabandham holds a unique place. Among these, "Parani" is a heroic epic sung in praise of a great warrior who has slain a thousand elephants on the battlefield. Kalingathu-p-Parani, the first Parani work to emerge in Tamil, is hailed by scholars like Ottakkoothar as "Then-Thamizh Deiva Parani" (The Divine Parani of Southern Tamil) due to its poetic excellence and historical data. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the "Porut-suvai" (Richness of Substance/Subject Matter) employed by the author, Jayamkondar. Centering on the victory of Kulothunga Chola I in the Kalinga War, this work does not limit itself to valor alone. It integrates the essence of Akapporul (Internal/Love aesthetics) in the "Kadai Thirappu" (Opening of the Door) section, descriptions of nature and desert landscapes in the "Kaadu Paadiyathu" (Singing of the Forest) section, and astounding feats of bravery in the "Kalam Paadiyathu" (Singing of the Battlefield) section. Furthermore, this article analytically examines historical truths such as the background of Kulothunga Chola I, the military prowess of his commander Karunakara Tondaiman, and the causes of the Kalinga War through a literary lens. It also explains in detail how Kalingathu-p-Parani serves as a historical document when compared with epigraphical (inscription) evidence.
Copyright (c) 2026 G. Mangayarkarasi, Dr. M. Shanmugam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Virtue means the set of good deeds. The poets who created Tamil literature recorded their ideals in literature and guided the people to live a good life. In this way, Thandaliyar Satakam, which is known as a proverbial interpretation, has recorded moral thoughts suitable for all ages in literature. It has planted moral principles in people's minds by setting up various stories at appropriate places showing the morals people should follow and the bad morals they should avoid in the society. The author Padikasup Pulavar has recorded in literature the mentality of the people who lived in the society during his lifetime keeping in mind the morals of life they followed. The moral thoughts given by the literature are arranged in such a way as to help the human mind to improve.
Copyright (c) 2026 G. Sakthi, Dr. KT. Murugesan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
பாமா அவர்களின் ‘மனுசி’ நாவலில் தலித் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகளும் தனித்து வாழும் பெண்ணின் சமூகப் போராட்டங்களும்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வு
Focusing on the novel Manusi (2012) by writer Bama, one of the most significant figures in contemporary Tamil literature, this article extensively explores Dalit feminist perspectives. Although remnants of matriarchy from ancient Tamil society persist today, female subjugation continues in modern contexts through the denial of education, child marriage, and social exclusion. The novel’s protagonist, Rasathi, is portrayed as a revolutionary woman who, remaining unmarried past the age of thirty, achieves autonomy through her education and labor. This study analyzes Rasathi’s life struggles, caste-based oppression, and the psychological challenges she faces using Sharmila Rege’s Dalit Feminist Standpoint Theory and P. Mangalam’s concept of Spatial Autonomy. The core themes discussed include: Liberation through education. The assertion of authority by building one’s own home. Rebellion against the institution of marriage. Furthermore, through comparative tables, this study illustrates how Manusi serves as a continuation and a matured political vision of Bama’s previous works, such as Karukku and Sangati.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Manamalar Urpavi, Dr. S. Periyanayaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fishing Technology and Coastal Livelihood in Ancient Tamil Society: Evidence from Sangam Literature
Tamil Sangam literature provides a rich and detailed window into the environment, lifestyle, industries, and cultural structures of ancient Tamil society. Among the various themes, Neithal Thinai stands out, vividly depicting coastal and marine life, which were integral to this society. The literature extensively elaborates on the lives of Neithal land dwellers, highlighting their maritime knowledge, fishing techniques, community interactions, and their use of marine resources. Key texts such as Agananooru, Purananooru, Natrinai, Kurunthogai, Ingurunooru, and Pattinappalai serve as vital sources, offering deep insights into coastal living and its multifaceted aspects. This paper aims to explore in greater detail the traditional weaving practices, fishing tools, and techniques described in the Sangam texts, as well as the social life of the Parathava community and methods of marine resource utilisation. Additionally, it seeks to shed light on the sophisticated maritime science and the environmental consciousness embedded within Sangam poetry, reflecting the community’s respect for nature and sustainable practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jegathesh Kumar Sethuraman, Kavioviyan. M.K, Priyamvadha Mohansingh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
கலிங்கத்துப்பரணியில் பொருட்சுவை: முதலாம் குலோத்துங்க சோழன் காலத்து வீரமும் காதலும் பற்றிய ஓர் ஆழமான இலக்கிய மற்றும் வரலாற்றுப் பகுப்பாய்வு
Copyright (c) 2026 P. Rajadurai, Dr. K. Muthu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
இரட்டைக் காப்பியமான மணிமேகலையில் நிலையாமையும் அறநெறியும்
In the history of Tamil literature, the epics that emerged during the post-Sangam period (Sangam Maruviya Kaalam) stand as testaments to the ethical values and religious harmony of Tamil society. Among them, Manimekalai, authored by Seethalai Sathanar, is a sublime ethical work that explains Buddhist doctrines in a manner suited to the Tamil context. This article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of impermanence (Nilaiyamai) and ethical thoughts embedded within the epic Manimekalai. Specifically, it analyzes how the philosophies of the impermanence of the physical body (Yaakkai Nilaiyamai), the impermanence of youth (Ilamai Nilaiyamai), and the impermanence of wealth (Selva Nilaiyamai) are explained through the characters of the epic. It further examines how this great epic presents the fundamental tenets of Buddhism, such as the Twelve Nidanas (Twelve Links of Causality), the consequences of good and evil deeds (Karma), and ideas for social reform. Literature has continuously evolved through the ages in the form of various books. Within these works, the "four goals of life" (Uruthi Porul) and the nature of impermanence are highlighted. This article discusses in depth how suffering arises due to past sins, the principles of sustenance (Aruthinathu Kotpadu), and the spiritual benefits of performing penance (Thavam). The life journey of Manimekalai subtly illustrates her transformation from an ordinary woman born into the courtesan clan into a noble ascetic and a divine figure who alleviates the "malady of hunger" (Pasippini).
Physical Impermanence (Yaakkai Nilaiyamai)
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. P. Santhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
தமிழில் தலித் மக்கள் இலக்கியம்: வரலாறு, அரசியல், பண்பாடு மற்றும் பெண்ணியப் பார்வைகளின் விரிவான ஆய்வு
In the vast landscape of Tamil literature, Dalit literature stands as the voice of the oppressed and a political weapon asserting their existence. Dalit people, who were once rendered powerless in determining their own rights due to the caste system, have today established a unique identity across every sphere of life—including politics, culture, history, and literature. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the profound changes triggered in the Tamil literary environment, starting from the Dalit literary uprising that emerged in Maharashtra and Karnataka in the late 20th century. Specifically, it analyzes how the concept of Dalit Feminism diverges from mainstream feminism by confronting the triple oppression of caste, class, and gender. Through seminal works such as Bama's Karukku and Sangati, Sivakami's Pazhaiyana Kazhithalum, Poomani's Piragu, and K. Daniel's Panchamar, this study discusses the life struggles, linguistic styles, and aesthetic shifts of the Dalit people. Furthermore, this research documents the contributions of Dr. Ambedkar’s philosophical background and political movements like the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) toward the growth of Dalit literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. S. Saravanan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
அரசியல் தலைமைத்துவத்தில் பெண்கள்: முன்னேற்றமும் தடைகளும் - இலங்கையை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஓர் ஆய்வு
Women’s political leadership is a vital component of democratic governance, inclusivity, and sustainable development. Despite Sri Lanka's historical legacy of electing the world's first female Prime Minister, women's representation in political leadership has remained significantly low for a long period. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in women’s political leadership in Sri Lanka and the persistent barriers they face. Based on secondary data, policy reports, and recent election results, this paper analyzes representation trends, quota systems, and socio-cultural constraints. Specifically, the 25% quota introduced in the 2018 Local Government elections and the significant shifts in the 2024 Parliamentary elections have increased women's participation. However, structural barriers within political parties, patriarchal mindsets, and economic constraints remain ongoing challenges. This study argues that mere numerical representation is insufficient; rather, empowered and meaningful leadership is what brings about true change. Furthermore, the study explores in detail the impact of the recently enacted Women’s Empowerment Act, No. 37 of 2024.
Copyright (c) 2026 Florida Simeon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சங்கப் பனுவல்களுக்குள் கலந்துறையும் தொன்மக்கதைக்கூறுகள்
Mythological elements have remained embedded within Tamil literature from the Sangam era—which stands as the eternal soul of the language—to the contemporary age of Haiku, Senryu, and Limeraiku poetry. These mythical remnants, lingering like a precipitate, are essential to imbue our creative works with a sense of classical excellence. Much like how a network of roots supports shimmering flowers from beneath the soil, these epic essences are required to give modern creative works meaningful depth and substance. Just as salt is gathered by boiling seawater, the essence of this research lies in sifting through and consolidating the mythological stories buried deep within Sangam literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Dr. S. Ravi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tamil literature possesses an ancient heritage and richness spanning over two thousand years. This article explores the various ways the fine art of dance has been practiced in ancient Tamil literature and the position dance holds as a central theme within these literary works. Specifically, it explains how dance—as a physical movement—is intertwined with music, rhythm, and the land-based conceptual framework of Uripporul (emotional theme), Karupporul (environmental elements), and Mudhal porul (time and landscape) in Sangam literature. During the Sangam era, group dances such as Kuravai, Thunangai, and Veriyadal held primary importance. Supported by Sangam literary evidence, this article describes the Kuravai Koothu performed by people across the five types of landscapes, the Thunangai Koothu performed exclusively by women, and the Veriyattu performed to seek divine grace or celebrate victory in war. Furthermore, this research highlights the divine dances performed by Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva—such as Kudakoothu, Alliyam, Kodukotti, and Paandarangam—as well as the unique makeup and dance excellence of the Koothar (male dancers) and Viraliyar (female dancers). In short, this article confirms through literary evidence that dance was an inseparable part of entertainment, worship, and life rituals in ancient Tamil society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. R. Priyadharsini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
மருத்துவத் துறை சார்ந்த தொழில்களும் 6, 10-ஆம் பாவகத் தொடர்புகளும்: ஒரு விரிவான ஒப்பீட்டு ஆய்வு
The medical profession is regarded not merely as a career for curing diseases, but as an expression of humanity and selfless service. Based on the principles of Astrology, the 10th House (Karma Sthana) and the 6th House (Roga Sthana) play primary roles in determining which branch of medicine an individual will choose.This research paper meticulously examines the astrological differences between those working as doctors and those in the pharmaceutical sales and marketing sector as Medical Representatives. Drawing from rules established in classical texts such as Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, Phaladeepika, and Jataka Parijata, this study discusses the significance of planetary conjunctions, the exchange of house lords, and divisional charts (Vargas). Specifically, this study provides evidence explaining how the dominance of Mars produces surgeons, while the strength of Mercury and the 3rd House determines the success of Medical Representatives. Furthermore, the planetary positions required for medical education, the intuition needed for diagnosis, and the contribution of the 12th House to working within a hospital environment are analyzed in detail.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paramesh M, Dr.K.Jothimani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
வெளிநாட்டில் வாழும் ஜாதகங்களில் சந்திரன் மற்றும் சுக்கிரன் கோள்களின் நிலைகள் குறித்த ஓர் ஆய்வு
This research paper provides a comprehensive astrological analysis of how the positions, significations (karakatwas), and house connections of the Moon and Venus determine "Pravasa Yoga" (Foreign Travel Yoga) in the horoscopes of those working or settling abroad. Based on the rules of foundational astrological texts such as Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra and Phaladeepika, this study analyzes the significance of the 9th and 12th houses, the influence of Rahu, and the importance of Movable Signs in relation to foreign travel. The study validates that the weakening (affliction) of the 4th house combined with the strengthening of the 12th house is what drives an individual to leave their homeland for a foreign country. Through two detailed case studies, the paper practically demonstrates how planetary periods (Dasha-Bhukti) and transits facilitate international relocation at the appropriate time.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Sudarsan, Dr. G.Subramanian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
எஸ். ராமகிருஷ்ணனின் பயண நூல்களில் புனைவு மொழி நடை - (‘தேசாந்திரி’ , ‘இலக்கற்ற பயணி’ , ‘ஆதலினால்’ நூல்களை முன் வைத்து)
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Tamil literature witnessed the introduction of several new literary genres. Notably, prose literature, influenced by Western literary traditions, started to develop. Within this emerging domain, the travelogue genre stands out prominently. Commencing in the latter part of the nineteenth century, travelogues focusing on India began to appear across the majority of Indian languages. The travel writings of S. Ramakrishnan, particularly Desanthiri, Ilakkatra Payani, and Aathalinaal, occupy a distinctive place in contemporary Tamil literature. These works are not merely records of journeys across India; rather, they represent a creative fusion of travel experience and literary expression. Ramakrishnan transforms his encounters with landscapes, people, and cultures into richly textured narratives that often transcend the boundaries of conventional travel writing. In Desanthiri, Ilakkatra Payani, and Athalinaal, the author’s narrative voice reflects a deep engagement with memory, identity, and cultural diversity. This study aims to examine the nature of the fictional language style in these travel works, focusing on how narrative techniques, linguistic creativity, and imaginative elements contribute to their literary significance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bharathi Prakash. S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Jainism is an ancient religion whose own historiography centres on its 24 guides or Tirthankaras. Of the 24, the last two tirthankaras – are generally accepted as historical persons, with the 23rd Tirthankara pre-dating the Buddha and the Mahavira by probably some 250 years.Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha, the historical buddha, rediscovered the long forgotten dharma around the 5th century BCE, and began to teach it again. In Buddhism there were previous buddhas, too, 24 in total as described in the Buddhavamsa, the 14th book of the Khuddaka Nikāya. Buddhists also believe that Gautama Buddha had many previous rebirths as described in the Jataka Tales. Buddhist scriptures record that during Prince Siddhartha's ascetic life (before attaining enlightenment) he undertook many fasts, penances and austerities, the descriptions of which are elsewhere found only in the Jain tradition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr R. VANITHA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனை – ஓர் விரிவான ஆய்வு கட்டுரை
This article explores the historical evolution, philosophical foundations, and socio-political impacts of feminist thought from a comprehensive academic perspective. It discusses how feminism has adapted itself, starting from the 19th-century suffrage movements (First Wave) to contemporary struggles centered on technology and diversity (Fourth Wave). In particular, the article analyzes the connections and contradictions between Western feminist theories and the unique "Periyarist Feminist" thoughts of India, especially Tamil Nadu. It documents how the female voice has been recorded in the Tamil literary landscape, from Sangam literature to modern-day Dalit feminist writings. Furthermore, this paper provides a data-driven analysis regarding recent 2024-25 statistics, Tamil Nadu's new policy for women, and prevailing gender gaps..
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. G. Suseela (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
திருக்குறளின் முப்பாலில் நவரஸ வெளிப்பாடு (அறம் – பொருள் – இன்பம் ஆகிய மூவகைப் பிரிவுகளின் ரசவியல் ஆய்வு)
This study explores how the Navarasas (nine aesthetic emotions) are expressed across the three divisions of the Thirukkural—Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), and Inbam (Love). Grounded in the theoretical framework of the Navarasa concept as articulated in Bharata Muni’s Natyashastra, the research analyzes the emotional structure, linguistic conciseness, psychological dimensions, and aesthetic composition of the couplets. It proposes that Shanta (tranquility) and Karuna (compassion) are predominantly expressed in the Araththuppaal, Veera (heroism) and Raudra (anger) in the Porutpaal, and Shringara (love) in the Kamaththuppaal. The central objective of this study is to demonstrate that the emotional evolution across these three sections forms an integrated aesthetic framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Thushyanthy Juliyan Jeyapragash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0