Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies
Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN: 3049-0723 Online is a pioneering multidisciplinary Multilingual online journal dedicated to the rich and varied field of Tamil studies. Published monthly from India, this journal serves as an essential platform for researchers, academics, and students eager to share their insights, research findings, and innovative ideas in the realms of Tamil language, literature, culture, history, and more. In an era where academic discourse is becoming increasingly digital and accessible, Tamilmanam stands out as a beacon for those seeking to contribute to and engage with the Tamil intellectual community worldwide. Name of Journal : Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies Variant Title (In Regional) தமிழ்மணம் சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ் Journal Abbreviation: Tamilmanam IRJTS Journal Category : Multidisciplinary Year of Journal Started : 2024 Publishing frequency: Monthly Publication Format : Online Mode Publication language: Multi Language Tamil (தமிழ்) & English Publisher : Department of Library Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Publisher Address: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College/@10.6636515,76.9942182,17z/data=!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!2sNallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk!3m5!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001 Publication Guidelines : Follow the author's guidelines Editor in Chief: Dr. B. Aruljothi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET Profile Review Process : Open Peer Review Method Acceptance Period : Based on review 1 to 2 weeks.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Autonomous - Pollachi 642001 Tamilnadu, INDIA e-Mail : ngm@ngmc.org
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சைவ ஆகம வழிபாட்டு மரபில் 25 மகேசுவர மூர்த்தங்கள்: தத்துவார்த்த விளக்கம், படிமவியல் மற்றும் சோழர் காலச் சிற்பக்கலைசார் விரிவான ஆய்வறிக்கை
Lord Shiva, the Supreme Being of Saivism, manifests not only in the formless and form-and-formless state (Aruvuuruva) of the Shiva Lingam but also assumes various physical forms (Uruva) through divine plays (Thiruvilaiyadal) to protect living beings and establish righteousness. While the forms assumed by the Lord are categorized into sixty-four in total, twenty-five primary Shiva manifestations (Maheswara Murthams) are classified as the most significant among them. This research paper meticulously analyzes the iconographic structures, mythological and divine incarnation backgrounds, the spiritual benefits attained by devotees through worshipping these specific manifestations, and their primary shrines of worship. The paper elaborately discusses the philosophical meanings of the 25 forms—including Sri Chandrasekhara, Sri Nataraja (Sadanritta Murthi), Sri Ardhanarishwara, and Sri Dakshinamurthi—alongside the historical-mythological backgrounds where the pride of deities like Brahma and Vishnu was subdued. Furthermore, this exposition is enriched by integrating Chola period bronzes, their metallurgical backgrounds, comparative iconographical studies of the Pallava, Hoysala, and Vijayanagara royal dynasties, the Talamana measurement rules of the Sritattvanidhi, and iconographic evidence found in the Thevaram Thirumurai hymns. This study serves as an essential guide to understanding Saivite sculptural art, iconography, and traditions of worship.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In today's digital era, the monumental growth of social media has brought about a major revolution in the usage platform of the Tamil language. Traditional media, such as print, radio, and television, handled the Tamil language in a refined and grammatically precise form. However, following the advent of social media, the usage of Tamil has reached entirely new dimensions. This platform has triggered inevitable changes in both the structure of the language and its mode of expression. The way Tamil is utilized on social media stands as a testament to the language's inherent nature to adapt itself to the times. Specifically, the creation of neologisms (new words), the dominance of colloquial speech, the blending of other languages, and grammatical flexibility are the hallmarks of this new transformation. The gap between written Tamil and spoken Tamil has drastically narrowed on social media. As users attempt to share their thoughts naturally, they predominantly use words from daily conversations. While this simplifies the language, it has also created certain challenges for its grammatical structure. Furthermore, "code-switching"—the practice of mixing words from other languages while speaking—has become entirely natural on social media. The way English words are blended and used with Tamil has paved the way for the creation of a hybrid known as "Tanglish." Debates have arisen among linguists as to whether this change diminishes the richness of the language or rejuvenates it in accordance with changing times. Nonetheless, it is undeniable that the unprecedented widespread use of Tamil in the digital space has increased interest in the language among the younger generation. This paper examines the evolution of the Tamil language on social media through various lenses, including its historical background, linguistic shifts, social impacts, and future challenges. It explores in detail how the Tamil language adapts itself to technological advancements and how these changes should be managed to protect the language's richness without compromising it. In short, social media has transformed Tamil into a modern interactive tool; at the same time, navigating these changes with the right understanding is highly essential for the future of the Tamil language.
தொல்காப்பிய இளமைப் பெயர்களும், கம்பரின் ’குழந்தை’ என்ற சொற்படைப்பும்
Language is the assemblage of words. Language is the general term we use, to refer an organised collection of words. When referring to a language as an ancient language, it would also mean that words constituting the language are also ancient. Thus, “Thamizh”, a preeminent language, acknowledged as an ancient language constitutes words of ancient origin. “Thamizh” words commonly used by people in conversations are referred as of common words and those used by scholars in literature are poetic words. However, there are, in “Thamizh”, innumerable poetic words, which gained popularity and usage among the people and have been deemed common words. One such word is “kuzhandhai”. “kuzhandhai” is a noun meaning child. It is the purpose of this paper to research and present with validation, when and in which period this word originated in literature, who started the usage and the nouns which were used in literature prior to it to denote a child and as to how the word “kuzhandhai” was handled in literature subsequent to its origin.
திருநங்கைகளின் சுயசரிதைகள் – ஒரு சமூக-இலக்கியப் பார்வை
In the historical trajectory of Tamil literature, the voices of the unwritten and the life experiences of the unseen have long been neglected. However, in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, this trend has undergone a significant transformation. In particular, communities marginalized on the basis of caste, religion, and gender have begun to record their life experiences in written form. Among these, the autobiographies of transgender women occupy a crucial place, as they bring to light the truths hidden in the dark corners of society. Politics of gender identity, power struggles over the body, and the atrocities of human rights violations are central themes in these works. In this context, the autobiography Naan Saravanan Vidya (I am Saravanan Vidya) written by Living Smile Vidya serves as a highly significant document. This book records a transgender woman's journey from childhood to the present day through her own perspective. It delves deeply into the psychology of a young boy realizing his gender variance, the cruel reactions of society, and the fractures that occur within family relationships. The core themes of this book include: The humiliation faced by transgender individuals in educational institutions. The barriers they encounter in employment opportunities. The forced circumstances that push them into sex work. Her struggle to break free from these challenges and live with self-respect. This is not merely an individual's history; it stands as a testament to the structural violence endured by gender minorities. Such autobiographies expand the horizons of Tamil literature and elevate debates surrounding humanity, identity, and social justice to a new dimension.
In the contemporary context, women's life experiences, social struggles, gender oppression, poverty, and social marginalization have become significant subjects of study in Tamil literature. In particular, the lives of widowed women, their economic burdens, social exclusion, and psychological sufferings have been portrayed from various perspectives in literary works. Among contemporary Tamil women writers, Malarvathi occupies an important place for her novels that focus on the lives of marginalized communities. In her novels *Kaathiruntha Karuppayi*, *Thooppukkari*, *Kaattukkutti*, and *Andiyabeesu*, she profoundly records the lived realities of women who have lost their husbands, women abandoned by their husbands, and women who bear family responsibilities on their own. This article examines the social status, economic struggles, psychological challenges, and the self-reliant and resilient life perspectives of widowed women as depicted in Malarvathi's novels.
போதைத்துரை நாடகத்தின் கட்டமைப்பும் ஆற்றுகையும்
The Play “Pothaiththurai” is a master’s scripted of the Eastern University the lecture Dr. S. Chandrakumar. This study is based on this play. This study mainly focused on addiction. Drug abuse is a common problem identified among today’s young generation. Beyond the legal restrictions, it is being used everywhere by all genders, regardless of age. In this, the effects of addiction, especially among school and university students, are discussed. Methods of getting rid of it. Methods of action to be taken by parents, security forces, doctors, police, etc. this play focuses on getting rid of this addiction with the information to be given to the society and the activities related to it. This study is also based on this. This study is participatory research study. ”போதைத்துரை” நாடகமானது கிழக்கு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் முதுநிலை விரிவுரையாளர் கலாநிதி சு. சந்திரகுமார் அவர்களால் நெறியாள்கை செய்யப்பட்டது. இந் நாடகத்தை மையப்படுத்தியதாக இவ்வாய்வு அமைகின்றது. இந்த ஆய்வு பிரதானமாக போதையை மையப்படுத்தியது. போதைப்பொருட்பாவனை இன்றைய இளம் தலைமுறையினரிடம் அடையாளம் காணப்பட்ட பொதுப் பிரச்சினையாக உள்ளது. சட்ட வரையறைகளுக்கு அப்பால் இன்று வயது எல்லையைத் தாண்டி அனைத்து பாலினராலும் அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டு வருகின்றது. இதில் போதையால் ஏற்படும் பாதிப்புக்கள் குறிப்பாக பாடசாலை> பல்கலைக்கழக மாணவர் மத்தியில் எப்படி பாதிப்புக்களை ஏற்படுத்துகின்றது> அதிலிருந்து விடுபடும் முறைகள்> பெற்றோர்> பாதுகாப்புப் பிரிவினர்> வைத்தியர்> காவல்துறை போன்றனர் செயற்பட வேண்டிய முறைகள்> சமூகத்திற்குக் கொடுக்க வேண்டிய தகவல்கள்> அது தொடர்பான செயற்பாடுகள் என்பவற்றைக் கொண்டு இப் போதையிலிருந்து விடுதலை பெறுவதை மையப்படுத்தியதாக ,ந்த நாடகம் காணப்படுகிறது. இதை ஒட்டித்தான் இவ் ஆய்வும் அமைகின்றது. இந்த ஆய்வு பங்குகொள் ஆற்றுகை மைய ஆய்வாகக் காணப்படுகின்றது.
இனவரைவியலும் தருமபுரி மாவட்ட நரிக்குறவர் வாழ்வியலும்: ஓர் ஆழமான மானுடவியல் பகுப்பாய்வு
The Narikuravar community, a nomadic tribe of Tamil Nadu, is a marginalized community possessing a unique language, lifestyle structure, and cultural values. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the social, economic, and educational status of the Narikuravar people widely living in the Dharmapuri district, based on the principles of ethnography. In the modern era, factors such as illiteracy, lack of proper guiding leadership, and legal restrictions that prohibit them from pursuing their traditional forest-based hunting occupation have severely impacted their economic development. Amidst these existential crises, this paper elaborately explains how this community preserves and protects its ancestral identity—the 'Vaagriboli' language—and their clan worship systems. Furthermore, this study discusses in detail the social impact of the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status recently (2023) granted to this community after a long struggle, and explores how they can be led toward a path of economic progress without compromising their cultural uniqueness.
எண்ணங்கள் வழி மனித குலம் மேம்பட நீதி நூல்கள் தரும் விழுமியங்கள்
This study examines the significance of thoughts and their influence on human life as portrayed in Tamil ethical literature, with particular reference to the Tirukkural. The capacity for rational thinking, which distinguishes human beings from other living organisms, forms the foundation of speech, action, and personality development. The study explores the meaning of the concept of thought (eṇṇam), its literary usage, and its relevance to human life, while highlighting the role of positive thinking in personal growth and progress. Thiruvalluvar regards purity of mind as the highest of all virtues. Through various couplets in the Tirukkural, the study demonstrates that elevated thinking, firm determination, and a motivated mindset guide individuals toward success and excellence. Couplets such as “Manathukkan Maasilan Aathal,” “Vellathanaiyathu Malar Neettam Maanthartham Ullathanaiyathu Uyarvu,” and “Ulluvathu Ellam Uyarvullal” emphasize the power of thought in shaping human achievement and advancement. Furthermore, the study analyzes the functioning of thoughts from a psychological perspective by drawing upon Sigmund Freud’s theory of the mind. The roles of the conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind are examined in relation to human behaviour and development. The paper also highlights Thiruvalluvar’s view that mental strength, motivation, and determination are more essential than physical strength for achieving success and growth. Thus, the central argument of this study is that the cultivation and effective implementation of noble thoughts can lead to both individual and social progress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. K. Chitra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
உலக குகைஓவிய வரலாற்றில் பீம்பேத்கா குகைஓவியங்கள் பெறும் முக்கியத்துவம் - ஓர் ஆய்வு
Art is considered a vital creative form that exquisitely expresses human inner emotions, sublime thoughts, and external life experiences. It serves as a primary historical source to precisely understand the chronological background of human civilization, its associated culture, social structure, and beliefs. Among these, cave paintings occupy a unique place. Located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, the Bhimbetka cave paintings serve as a global archaeological document that helps us understand the lifestyle characteristics and socio-structural changes of the humans who lived there from the prehistoric Lower Paleolithic period through the historical period and beyond. The primary objective of this study is to examine the historical background, artistic quality, and the changes in human life reflected in the Bhimbetka cave paintings, thereby explaining their cultural and scientific significance. Furthermore, the foundational approach of this research is to establish that the Bhimbetka cave paintings are not merely temporary artistic expressions, but historical records that reveal the social life, hunting strategies, religious beliefs, and the inseparable relationship that contemporary humans shared with their natural environment. To achieve this, secondary data such as archaeological excavation reports, research books, international academic research articles, and photographic records have been analyzed. Through this study, the lifestyle changes experienced by human society from the Lower Paleolithic period to later periods, as well as the cultural evolution from a hunting-gathering society toward a settled agricultural society, are clearly established through the Bhimbetka cave paintings and stone tool deposits.
Copyright (c) 2026 NiththiyananthamThiruchselvam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
பெத்லகேம் குறவஞ்சியில் துணைக்கோள்கள் மற்றும் நிலாவின் பரிணாமம்: வேதநாயக சாஸ்திரியார் பார்வையும் வானியல் உண்மையும்
The moon has been consistently personified as a symbol of feminine beauty, emotional depth, and expressions of love in Tamil literary traditions from Sangam literature to contemporary works. Bethlehem Kuravanchi, a notable Christian minor literary work, portrays the birth and life of Jesus Christ and has been widely studied for its literary structure, stylistic features, and allegorical richness. This paper establishes that this text also holds potential for scientific interpretation. The aim of this paper is to compare the descriptions of the moon in Vedanayaga Sasthriyar’s Bethlehem Kuravanchi with astronomical discoveries made between 1750 and 1900. Invention of telescope during this period enabled accurate observations of the moon’s surface, craters, and the number of planets and their moons. Remarkably, long before these scientific findings were formally established,Vedanayaga Sasthriyar recorded several astronomical truths in his literary worksuch as the number of moons around Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn, the nature of lunar light, the waxing and waning phases of the moon, and its influence on ocean tides. சங்க இலக்கியங்களிலிருந்து தற்கால இலக்கியம் வரையிலான அனைத்து இலக்கிய வடிவங்களிலும் நிலா, ஒரு தலைவியின்அழகியல் குறியீடு, காதல் உணர்ச்சியின் வெளிப்பாடு போன்றவற்றைக் குறிப்பிட பயன்படுத்தப்பெற்றுள்ளது. கிறித்தவச் சிற்றிலக்கியங்களுள் ஒன்றான பெத்லகேம் குறவஞ்சி இயேசு கிறிஸ்துவின் பிறப்பு மற்றும் வாழ்க்கையை உட்பொருளாகக்கொண்டு பாடப்பெற்ற இலக்கியம் ஆகும். இலக்கிய வடிவம், அமைப்புச் சிறப்பு, முற்றுருவகம் போன்றவற்றை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டு பல ஆய்வுகள் நிகழ்த்தப் பெற்றுள்ளன. இதனைத் தொடர்ந்து அறிவியல் சார்ந்த ஆய்வுகளையும் மேற்கொள்ள முடியும் என்பதை நிறுவுவதாக இக்கட்டுரை அமைகிறது. 1750 முதல் 1900 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தில் நிகழ்த்தப் பெற்ற வானியல் கண்டுபிடிப்புகளுடன் வேதநாயக சாஸ்திரியாரின் பெத்லகேம் குறவஞ்சியில் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ள நிலா பற்றிய குறிப்புகளை ஒப்பிட்டுப் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்வதே இவ்வாய்வின் நோக்கம். நிலாவின் மேற்பரப்பு, பள்ளங்கள், கோள்களின் எண்ணிக்கை, துணைக்கோள்கள் போன்றவற்றைத் தொலைநோக்கியைக் கண்டுபிடித்ததன் விளைவாகத் துல்லியமாகக் கண்டறிய முடிந்தது. இதற்கு முன்பே நெப்டியூன், யுரேனஸ், சனி ஆகிய கோள்களின் நிலாஎண்ணிக்கை, நிலவின் ஒளி, வளரும்–தேயும் நிலைகள், கடலலை மீதான தாக்கம் போன்றவற்றின் அறிவியல் சார்ந்த உண்மைகளை வேதநாயக சாஸ்திரியார் இவ்விலக்கியத்தில் பதிவு செய்துள்ளார்.
Copyright (c) 2026 S, Smilin Sheeba, Dr. D. Meshak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
வரலாற்றியல் நோக்கில் பொன்னீலனின் மறுபக்கம் நாவல்
In the tradition of Tamil novels, history is not merely a collection of events; it functions as a document of social memory, a critique of power relations, and a mode of recording identity politics. In this regard, Marupakkam by Ponneelan is an important historical novel. Centered on the Mandaikadu riots, the novel extensively portrays nearly two hundred years of social history in Kanyakumari District. In particular, it records significant historical developments such as the caste system of the erstwhile Travancore State, the Upper Cloth Revolt, the Ayyavazhi movement led by Ayya Vaikundar, the spread of Christianity, the abolition of slavery, and the struggle for the merger of Kanyakumari District with Tamil Nadu. These events are presented in the novel as historical narratives. This article examines and explains their historical significance, fictional representations, and socio-political background. தமிழ் நாவல் மரபில் வரலாறு என்பது நிகழ்வுகளின் தொகுப்பு மட்டுமல்ல; அது சமூக நினைவின் ஆவணமாகவும், அதிகார உறவுகளின் விமர்சனமாகவும், அடையாள அரசியலின் பதிவு முறையாகவும் விளங்குகிறது. பொன்னீலனின் மறுபக்கம் நாவல் இந்த வகையில் ஒரு முக்கியமான வரலாற்றுப் புனைவாகும். மண்டைக்காடு கலவரத்தை மையமாகக் கொண்டு எழுதப்பட்ட இந்நாவல், குமரி மாவட்டத்தின் இருநூறு ஆண்டுகால சமூக வரலாற்றை விரிவாகப் பேசுகிறது. குறிப்பாக, திருவிதாங்கூர் சமஸ்தானத்தின் சாதி அமைப்பு, தோள்சீலைப் போராட்டம், வைகுண்டசாமியின் அய்யாவழி இயக்கம், கிறித்தவ மதப்பரவல், அடிமைமுறை ஒழிப்பு, கன்னியாகுமரி மாவட்ட இணைப்பு போராட்டம் போன்ற நிகழ்வுகள் நாவலில் வரலாற்றுப் பதிவுகளாக இடம்பெறுகின்றன. இக்கட்டுரை அவற்றின் வரலாற்றுத் தன்மை, புனைவுகள், சமூக அரசியல் பின்னணி ஆகியவற்றை ஆய்வு விளக்குகிறது.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.S.Elamaran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
திருக்குறளில் குற்றம் தவிர்த்தல் (குற்றங்கடிதல்): ஓர் அதிநவீன மூளைநரம்பியல் மற்றும் அறிவாற்றல் நரம்பியல் ஆய்வு
The section 'Kutram Kadithal' (Chapter 44: The Avoiding of Flaws), which comes under the sub-section of Politics (Arasial) within the Book of Wealth (Porutpal) in the Thirukkural, offers unique principles and vital ethics to enhance human behavior, morality, and leadership skills for the world. This chapter elaborates on the ideal practices for a leader or ruler to eliminate their internal negative traits and flaws, and to carefully guard themselves so that those shortcomings do not return. The primary objective of this comprehensive research report is to analyze these noble ethical principles, formulated by Thiruvalluvar over two thousand years ago, against the backdrop of modern Neurology, Physiology, Neuroethics, and Cognitive Neuroscience. This study extensively discusses how all ten couplets in this chapter align profoundly with the physiological laws governing various functional networks of the human brain, such as the Prefrontal Cortex, the emotional regulation center (Amygdala), the brain's Reward System, the Default Mode Network, and Cortical Midline Structures. The research thoroughly demonstrates how specific human behaviors and vulnerabilities—namely pride or hubris (Serukku), anger (Sinam), lust or baseness (Sirumai), greed (Peraasai), egotism (Tharperumai), inappropriate mirth (Poruhamatra Magizhchi), and secrecy (Iragasiyam Kaathal)—are determined by changes in neurotransmitters and the functioning of neural circuits. Furthermore, the brain's predictive capacity to anticipate future consequences (the prediction engine) and the core tenets of Preventive Neurology are cross-examined and explained in relation to Valluvar's tenets using the latest medical and scientific evidence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Dr. M. A. Aleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kambar's epic possesses vast dimensions. Furthermore, Kambar has structured the flow of the story without diminishing its poetic taste. One of these poetic dimensions is Meyppadu (the physical manifestation of internal aesthetic emotions). Kambar has structured these Meyppadus in a way that vividly expresses the emotions of the characters. By layering emotions in a structured manner, adapting them to the context, and weaving them into the turning points of the story as well as battlefield scenes, Kambar elevates the epic across all dimensions through the emotional expressions of his characters. In this regard, this research paper highlights and explains the various Meyppadus employed in Kambar's Ramayana.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maheswariveerappan, Dr. Peri. Azhagammai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
குறுந்தொகையில் முல்லைத் திணைப் பூக்கள் வழி பொருள்முதல்வாதக் கூறுகள்
Sangam literature serves as a profound reflection of the Tamil way of life and the harmonious social relationships integrated with nature. In the Mullai landscape poems of the Kuruntokai, flowers are not merely aesthetic objects; rather, they function as markers of time and instruments that signify social transformation. This study elucidates how ancient Tamils approached land and time through a materialist perspective. Adopting the framework of historical materialism, this research analyzes the correlation between specific seasonal phases—Kar Kaalam (rainy season), Kuthir Kaalam (early winter), Ila-venil Kaalam (spring)—and the blooming cycles of flowers. The study particularly highlights how these natural descriptions evolved in tandem with human labor and societal shifts, tracing the transition from hunter-gatherer to agrarian societies. Through an analysis of the nine types of flowers associated with the Mullai landscape in Kuruntokai, this article examines the people’s lifestyle, economic development, and social evolution through the lens of dialectical and historical materialism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dillibabu R, Dr.N. Sivaguru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pasumpoon Pandiyan ruled as the prince of Korkai, a place that held a premier position as the primary port of the Pandyas and a celebrated site for pearl diving. After Pandya Nedunchezhian tragically lost his life due to the twists of fate that caused grief to Kannagi, the prince Pasumpoon Pandiyan traveled from Korkai to the great city of Madurai to ascend the throne. As a coastal town, the harbor of Korkai was abundant with Neidhal (coastal water lilies) and blue flowers. Korkai was a small town inhabited by chank (conch) divers and toddy consumers. Korkai pearls were considered to be of the highest quality. The people of Korkai town welcomed those returning from pearl diving with the sounding of auspicious instruments, including chank shells. The locals worshipped the deity of the harbor, praying for an abundance of Valampuri chanks (rare right-coiled conches) and pearls to multiply in the Korkai sea. The Parathavar (coastal community fishermen) received toddy as payment for the oysters. Pearls were so plentiful at the Korkai port that monkeys would put them into empty seashells and play with them like rattles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. C. Parameswari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
இணைய சாதனங்களில் தமிழ் இடைமுக வடிவமைப்பு: வாய்ப்புகளும் எதிர்கொள்ளல்களும்
As Internet of Things (IoT) devices become deeply integrated into daily life across sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and smart homes, the dominance of English interfaces creates a significant barrier that excludes Tamil-speaking populations from utilizing these technologies. To bridge this digital divide, developing Tamil interfaces has become a necessity, though it presents distinct technical challenges including designing legible fonts for small screens, building robust AI frameworks for Tamil voice commands, and creating software that can handle the language's linguistic nuances and regional dialects. By addressing these hurdles through features like voice assistants, localized keyboards, and auto-translating displays, technology can become accessible to everyone, including rural and elderly populations. Ultimately, this research paper comprehensively analyzes these hurdles and growth potentials to ensure Tamil speakers are fully included in the modern digital world through technology accessible in their native language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhanakshmi P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
குறுந்தொகையில் பெண்பாற் புலவர் பாடல்களில் உளவியல்
Kurunthogai is one of the texts in Ettuthogai (The Eight Anthologies), a part of Sangam literature. It earned the name Kurunthogai because it consists of poems with short lines. Psychological elements are abundantly found in the poems written by female poets in Kurunthogai. Their poems intricately express the mental emotions and social lives of women. The poems of these female poets serve not merely as literary creations, but also as psychological documents that record the deep emotions of the human mind.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjitha A, Dr. Krishnan P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
அற இலக்கியங்களில் கல்வியும் பண்பாட்டு அடையாள உருவாக்கமும்
In the history of Tamil literature, didactic works stand out as essential guides for human life by portraying education not just as a tool for knowledge, but as a vital philosophy that fosters individual completeness, morality, and cultural identity. Key texts like the Thirukkural and Naladiyar emphasize that education is as indispensable as eyesight, granting true nobility and discipline that surpass birth or wealth, while asserting that learning must actively guide one's conduct. Other works, such as Iniyavai Narpathu, Inna Narpathu, and Asarakovai, underscore the importance of reverence for teachers, continuous learning, and the idea that education without morality is entirely futile. Ultimately, these classical texts highlight the profound social impact of education—framing it as the foundation of national progress and a lifelong duty that brings timeless honor and refinement to humanity.
Copyright (c) 2026 K. Vasanthakumari, Dr.M.Hemalatha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
காளமேகப் புலவரின் தனிப்பாடல்களும் சாளுவத் திருமலைராயன் வரலாற்றுச் செய்திகளும்: ஓர் இலக்கிய வரலாற்று ஆய்வு
The individual poems (Thanippadalgal) of the Aasugavi (extempore poet) Kalamegam, who left a significant mark on the Tamil literary world in the late 15th century, serve as primary sources reflecting contemporary historical events and political landscapes. The objective of this paper is to analyze, through these individual poems, the personality of Saluva Thirumalairayan, who ruled the southern region as a representative of the Vijayanagara Empire. It explores the poetic rivalries and Yamagandam (highly challenging verse-writing) competitions with his court poet, Adhimadhura Kavirayar, alongside the folklore and literary myths surrounding the destruction of Thirumalairayan Pattinam. In particular, the paper objectively discusses two differing perspectives (the views of M. Arunachalam and other commentators) regarding the relationship between the poet and the king, the nature of royal patronage, and the poet's power to sing curses (Aram Paaduthal). Furthermore, the double entendres (Siledhai) and historical facts embedded in these poems are cross-referenced and explained alongside epigraphical/inscriptional evidence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. S. Balaraman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
எட்டுத்தொகை புறநூல்களில் அரசியல் விழுமியங்கள்: ஓர் இலக்கிய மற்றும் வரலாற்றுப் பகுப்பாய்வு
சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் பண்டைத் தமிழர்களின் அகவாழ்க்கையையும் புறவாழ்க்கையையும் உலகிற்குப் பறைசாற்றும் உன்னதப் பதிவுகளாகும்.1 அவற்றுள், எட்டுத்தொகைத் தொகுப்பில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள புறநானூறும் பதிற்றுப்பத்துமே தூய புறப்பொருள் நூல்களாக விளங்கி, சங்க கால அரசியல் கட்டமைப்பை அறிய உதவும் முதன்மை ஆதாரங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.1 முடியாட்சிக் காலத்தில் அரசனிடம் குவிந்திருந்த வரம்பற்ற அதிகாரத்தை அறநெறி, செங்கோன்மை, தார்மீகப் பொறுப்புணர்வு மற்றும் பகிர்ந்தளிக்கும் கொடை அரசியல் போன்ற விழுமியங்கள் எவ்வாறு கட்டுப்படுத்தின என்பதை இக்கட்டுரை விரிவாக ஆராய்கிறது.1 மேலும், அன்றைய ஆட்சியாளர்களின் நீர் மேலாண்மை உத்திகள், அறநெறி சார்ந்த வரிவிதிப்பு முறை, போர்க்கள ஒழுக்கம் மற்றும் சான்றோர்களின் கூட்டுத் தலைமை வழிகாட்டுதல் போன்றவை எவ்வாறு தற்கால ஜனநாயகக் கோட்பாடுகளுக்கும் வழிகாட்டியாகத் திகழ்கின்றன என்பதை இலக்கிய மற்றும் வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியில் இவண் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்கிறது.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. M. Gayathri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
பா. ராகவனின் "யதி" புதினத்தில் சன்னியாசிகளின் வாழ்வியலும் தமிழ் இலக்கியத் துறவற மரபும்: ஓர் ஒப்பாய்வு
The boundless desires and greeds that arise in this human birth bind mankind to worldly attachments. The human mind constantly yearns for everything—from daily necessities to luxury items like the food one eats, the clothes one wears, the place one resides, and the ornaments one adorns—to be exactly according to its desires. Even after all such worldly needs are fulfilled, the human mind remains unsatisfied, crossing the boundary of "sufficiency" and wandering further and further. The novel Yathi, written by Pa. Raghavan, extensively explores the lifestyle and spiritual journey of ascetics (sanyasis) who completely detach and isolate themselves from such worldly illusions and attachments. Through the characters of the novel Yathi, this paper comprehensively examines and compares the strict lifestyle disciplines, dietary habits, detachment from family relationships, and the philosophy of solitude of ascetics with traditional Tamil literary conventions. The primary objective of this research paper is to analyze the internal and external worlds of ascetics—who, disillusioned with worldly life, move toward God in search of ultimate truth—within a contemporary literary framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 M.Vinisha, Dr. P. Manikandan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் பெண்மைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சிந்தனைகள் மற்றும் நிலையான சமூக வளர்ச்சி
Throughout the ages, Tamil literature has highlighted the dignity of womanhood and presented scientific perspectives on women's safety. From Sangam literature to the Thirukkural and the Pathinenkeelkanakku (Eighteen Lesser Texts) anthologies, women's dignity, chastity, honor, and social security have been discussed in detail. In the Sangam era, virtue (Aram) was given paramount importance. The concept that virtue is the highest among the three goals of life—virtue (Aram), wealth (Porul), and pleasure (Inbam)—is deeply embedded in Sangam literature. Women believed that they too had a duty to protect virtue. They prioritized intellect and wisdom over mere valor. Sangam-era women possessed unique attributes and righteousness; these served as the foundation for the virtuous life of Tamils and helped balance the social structure. The Thirukkural presents wisdom and intellect as the foundation for a woman's safety. The couplet, "Tharkkaathuth tharkondaar paenith thagaisaandra sorkaathuch choorvilaal pen" (Kural 56), emphasizes that a woman must possess the capability to protect herself. The Pathinenkeelkanakku texts implement internal moral values such as sensory control, non-desire, and honor through wisdom as the foundation of righteousness. In today's world, sustainable social development is inextricably intertwined with women's safety, education, and empowerment. Gender equality, which is the fifth goal (SDG 5) of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, reflects the global recognition of this concept. Contemporary studies have revealed that the concepts of empowerment and equality found in the Thirukkural align seamlessly with SDG 5. The principles of social justice, gender equality, and righteous governance offered by Tamil ethics closely match modern sustainable development goals. This study explores the concepts of women's safety as expressed in ancient Tamil literature and provides an interdisciplinary analysis of how they form the bedrock for sustainable social development. It is our duty to cherish the ethical wealth that Tamil literature has bestowed upon us and pass it on to the next generation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. P. Priyadharshini, Dr.M.Hemalatha, Dr M.Ramachandran, Dr.C.Sakthimurugan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
பெண் குழந்தைகளின் பாலியல் துன்புறுத்தல் தடுப்பு விழிப்புணர்வில் தமிழ் இலக்கிய அறவியல் சிந்தனைகளும் டிஜிட்டல் பாதுகாப்புக் கல்வியும்: ஓர் இடைத்துறை ஆய்வு
In the contemporary era, sexual violence against minor girls has become one of society's greatest challenges. To confront this issue, looking at the combination of ethical concepts emerging from ancient Tamil tradition alongside safety strategies of today's digital world serves as an effective research pathway. Throughout the history of Tamil literature, human morality, a woman's dignity and rights, and social responsibility have been deeply discussed. The ethical principles found in Sangam literature, Valluvar’s Thirukkural, and the Pathinenkilkanakku (Eighteen Lesser Texts) emphasize individual virtue and society's duty of protection. Specifically, in the triad concept of Aram, Porul, Inbam (Virtue, Wealth, Pleasure), virtue (Aram) is given the foremost priority. In today's context, when applying these ethical values to the digital space, the responsibilities that parents, teachers, and society must shoulder regarding children's internet usage become evident. While the digital world offers children numerous opportunities in education and communication, it simultaneously exposes them to various dangers. Therefore, awareness education on digital safety must be tailored to their respective age groups. Children should be taught the skills to protect themselves and the virtue of respecting others' boundaries. By integrating and examining these two domains—one being the cultural-ethical foundation and the other being modern safety education—a new awareness model for the sexual safety of girls can be developed. The core finding of this study is that this interdisciplinary approach, by blending tradition and modernity, possesses the capability to provide appropriate solutions to modern-day challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.R.Sripriya, Ms.S. Brindha, Dr.P.Gomathi, Dr.V.C.Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
இணையப் பாதுகாப்பு விழிப்புணர்வில் திருக்குறளின் அறவியல் சிந்தனைகள்
The rapid development of information technology has brought about profound changes in every sphere of human life. In this modern era, the internet serves as an indispensable tool across various domains, including education, business, medicine, government services, finance, industry, media, personal communication, and personality development. While the internet has simplified life and transformed the world into a global village, it has also brought escalating cybersecurity challenges by the day. These include online fraud, password theft, privacy violations, cyberattacks, cyberbullying, the spread of fake news, phishing websites, and email scams. Particularly with the rapid growth of the digital generation, awareness of cybersecurity has become highly critical in today's times. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to analyze how the ethical philosophies presented in the Thirukkural—the golden literature of the ancient Tamils—can guide cybersecurity awareness. Across his couplets, Thiruvalluvar emphasizes various virtues such as self-restraint, discipline, wisdom, truthfulness, abstaining from theft, dread of evil deeds, refraining from backbiting, avoiding harsh words, not speaking useless words, and gratitude. When comparing these ethical principles with modern internet usage policies, they emerge as foundational guidelines for ensuring cybersecurity. For instance, practices like respecting others' privacy, avoiding malicious links, not spreading useless information, and refraining from creating fake identities are heavily emphasized in today's cybersecurity manuals. Thus, this study highlights that the ethical concepts of the Thirukkural provide a robust moral framework for cybersecurity awareness.
Copyright (c) 2026 N.Manjula, Dr. D.Maheswari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
நிவந்த நிலங்களின் நோக்கங்களும் அதன் காரணப் பெயர்களும் - கல்வெட்டு ஆதாரங்களின் அடிப்படையில் ஒரு ஆய்வு
There is no doubt that the word 'Tamil' itself represents the first language of the world. Tamil life encompassed not merely language, but every aspect of existence—civilization, education, culture, politics, society, individual dignity, economics, and astronomy—within the singular framework of spirituality. They considered the worship of the Divine and the act of making offerings associated with it to be the foundation of such a life. It could only have been the Tamils who introduced the practice of making such offerings in so many different forms. The objective of this study is to elucidate the purposes and underlying reasons for the endowment lands granted in this manner. Based on temple inscriptions, this study examines details regarding the purpose, donors, and timing of these endowment lands, as well as the identities of the recipients. Endowment lands have been granted for a wide range of purposes, including the maintenance of the temple's presiding deities and minor deities; the provision of food offerings and floral garlands; the upkeep of sanctums; the services of musicians and conch-blowers; temple renovation and construction works; medical services; the worship of attendant deities; the lighting of lamps; the conduct of festivals; the remuneration of temple staff; and the support of ascetics. The conclusion of the study also addresses whether any such lands, granted under specific conditions, still exist today. The objective of this study is to ensure that the current generation learns about the temples—which continue to reflect the greatness of our ancestors even after centuries—and the epigraphic evidence found within them. The objective of this study is to ensure that the current generation learns about the temples and the epigraphic evidence found within them. which continue to reflect the greatness of our ancestors even after centuries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.P.Deepa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
அறிவியல் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பத்தில் நிலையான வளர்ச்சி விவசாய அறிவியல் - ஒரு பார்வை
There are several key reasons for conducting research in the field of agricultural science. This research is particularly essential to ensure food security, production efficiency, and environmental sustainability. It promotes innovations such as soil health, crop rotation, and precision agriculture to increase productivity. It also encourages improvements in pest control and water management. By providing solutions to challenges like climate change and biodiversity conservation, it fosters sustainable agriculture. It is necessary to clearly explain the use of high-yield seed varieties, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as environmental sciences such as weather forecasting and soil testing. Such research integrates traditional farming with scientific methods to ensure food security, strengthening the backbone of the nation's economic growth. In agricultural science, science and technology serve as key tools to promote sustainable development; they help increase production, use resources economically, and protect the environment. Precision agriculture uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) and drones to monitor soil, weather, and crop health. This reduces costs by utilizing water, fertilizers, and pesticides in precise amounts, while simultaneously increasing yields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. S. Chitra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் பதிவாகியுள்ள பருவநிலை அறிவும் நவீன காலநிலை மாற்றத் தரவுகளும்: ஓர் இடைத் துறை ஆய்வு
This research paper presents a comparative study between the climate knowledge recorded in Sangam literature from over 2,000 years ago and modern scientific data from the 2026 El Niño event. Sangam Tamil literature—including Kurunthogai, Aingurunuru, Purananuru, and Agananuru—accurately categorizes six distinct seasons (early rainy season, late rainy/chilly season, early winter, late winter, early spring, and late summer). Among these, the early rainy season (Kaarkaalam) and its agricultural, social, and cultural impacts are recorded in extensive detail. According to modern climate science, an El Niño event is currently developing in 2026. Based on the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) June 2, 2026 report, there is an 80% probability of El Niño forming during the June–August period. Consequently, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts that India's southwest monsoon (June to September) will be below normal, reaching its lowest level in 11 years (at 90%). In contrast, northeast India is expected to receive normal rainfall, while heatwaves are projected to intensify across the rest of the country. This comparative study reveals that floods, droughts, and extreme temperature fluctuations have been recorded in both eras. The cyclical structure of the six seasons, the rainfall-dependent agricultural system, and the critical need for climate change preparedness all highlight a continuous parallel between ancient Tamil wisdom and modern climate science.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. K. Easwaran, Dr. A. Mohanraj, Dr.C.Sakthimurugan, Dr.V.C.Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Brahui-Tamil and in the context of their presence in the Indus valley Civilization
Tamil is the oldest language of the world .Which is called Proto-Dravidian . The Dravidian word is the ancient form and origin of the present Tamil word . Hence Proto-Tamil is the mother of the present modern Dravidian languages . Which was spread from Kanyakumari to Karachi and from Gujrat to Iran before the Indo-European peoples . Various dialects of Proto-Tamil were spoken in this entire seven million square kilo meter area . Usually the Dravidians were confined to the IVC area , but the Proto-Dravidian or Tamil was the parent language spread over much more land and dialects . Just like earlier Bronze Age was considered from 3300 BC to 1300 BC . But now it is clear from the evidence of bronze found in various monuments of Tamil Nadu that the Bronze Age in Tamil Nadu was also at it peak in 5300 B C . Now it is enough to believe that Tamilians migrated from Africa to Kanyakumari 70 to 80 thousand years ago . Brahui language is spoken in present Pakistani Balochistan , Sindh ,Iran ,Afghanistan ,Central Asia , Turkimanistan and European countries , it is also the beginning or first dialect of Proto-Dravidian or Tamil language . Which first separated from Proto-Tamil 15000 to 20000 thousand years ago . Even today the names of Brahui regions and tribes are of Tamil origin . There is also a great linguistic , historical ,and cultural commonality between the speakers of the two languages . So far only linguistic research has been done on Brahuis . And that too to a very limited extent . The area that the Brahuis settled In the present Pakistani Balochistan consists of basically different mountan ranges . One of the is the “Brahui mountain range “. Which extends for 360 kilo meters from Pishin to Khuzdar . Only Brahui live in this entire area . Before that , Proto-Brahuis had founded Mihrgarh 9000 thousand years ago and IVC 5000 thousand years ago . Many exprts consider Mihrgarh and IVC as Proto-Brahuis . This is correct in it place because Proto-Brahui was also Proto-Tamil and was a dialect of that language . Therefore ,it is correct to call or declare the founders of Mihrgarh and IVC as Proto-Dravidian , Tamil or Brahui . Proto-Sindhi , Gondi ,Kuruhk languages were also spoken in IVC . All these languages are also dialects of Proto-Tamil . In this paper , I will present a study of Brahui s linguistic ,cultural ,historical and toponymic similarities and relations with Tamil . On which no one has researched or studied from this angle before . Keywords: Brahui ,Tamil , Proto-Dravidian, Dravidian , Linguistics, IVC. A great deal has been written over the past nearly two centuries about the linguistic similarities between Brahui and other Dravidian languages. In this context, various scholars and researchers have also presented their studies on the linguistic relationship between Brahui and Tamil, as well as on the perspective that connects these languages with the founders of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). However, very little has been written in a systematic and comprehensive manner about the linguistic, cultural, and onomastic connections between Brahui and Tamil, and their possible presence and role in the Indus Valley Civilization. Recognizing this gap, Bama M.M, Raj Mutharasan, Arasu Chellaiah, Sridevi,Balakrishnan.R,and others from the JOC Study Circle organized an online lecture for me on April 4, 2026, at 9:00 PM. This is the revised version of that lecture, in which some changes have been made and new material has also been added.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazir Shakir Brahui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
நா.முத்துக்குமார் பாடல்களில் இலக்கியச் சிந்தனைகள்
The development of language stands as a pivotal element in the evolution that distinguishes human society from other living beings. In the early stages of exchanging ideas, humans likely relied on gestures and various vocalizations, much like animals. Over time, these methods gradually evolved as humans accustomed themselves to specific sound patterns. These established sounds would have varied significantly from region to region and country to country, influenced by the local geography and living environments. Subsequent global interactions and the sharing of knowledge brought about numerous changes in languages worldwide. Modern Tamil literature including film songs emerged as a result of these transformations. This research paper examines the lyrics of Na. Muthukumar through the lens of literary thought.
Copyright (c) 2026 A.Kesavan, Dr.S.Vaitheeswaran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children’s Literature holds a special place in Tamil Literature. While most other literary genres largely depict lives, experiences, and societal realities, children’s literature focuses on young readers’ thoughts, emotions and imagined worlds. Among the notable writers in this genre, Vishnupuram Saravanan short story Kayiru (“The Rope”) is noteworthy. The novel effectively depicts the interaction between children and society, demonstrating how societal system shape young minds. It demonstrates how society imposes caste – based prejudices and discriminatory attitudes on youngsters, despite their inherent desire for equality and inclusivity. Based on this perspective, the current research investigates how Kayiru reflects the impact of social conditioning on children, as well as the consequences for the development of a more equal future society.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Rajalakshmi, Dr. G. Satheeswaran, Dr. M. Karuppiah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0