Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies
Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN: 3049-0723 Online is a pioneering multidisciplinary Multilingual online journal dedicated to the rich and varied field of Tamil studies. Published monthly from India, this journal serves as an essential platform for researchers, academics, and students eager to share their insights, research findings, and innovative ideas in the realms of Tamil language, literature, culture, history, and more. In an era where academic discourse is becoming increasingly digital and accessible, Tamilmanam stands out as a beacon for those seeking to contribute to and engage with the Tamil intellectual community worldwide. Name of Journal : Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies Variant Title (In Regional) தமிழ்மணம் சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ் Journal Abbreviation: Tamilmanam IRJTS Journal Category : Multidisciplinary Year of Journal Started : 2024 Publishing frequency: Monthly Publication Format : Online Mode Publication language: Multi Language Tamil (தமிழ்) & English Publisher : Department of Library Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Publisher Address: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College/@10.6636515,76.9942182,17z/data=!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!2sNallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk!3m5!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001 Publication Guidelines : Follow the author's guidelines Editor in Chief: Dr. B. Aruljothi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET Profile Review Process : Open Peer Review Method Acceptance Period : Based on review 1 to 2 weeks.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Autonomous - Pollachi 642001 Tamilnadu, INDIA e-Mail : ngm@ngmc.org
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பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனை – ஓர் விரிவான ஆய்வு கட்டுரை
This article explores the historical evolution, philosophical foundations, and socio-political impacts of feminist thought from a comprehensive academic perspective. It discusses how feminism has adapted itself, starting from the 19th-century suffrage movements (First Wave) to contemporary struggles centered on technology and diversity (Fourth Wave). In particular, the article analyzes the connections and contradictions between Western feminist theories and the unique "Periyarist Feminist" thoughts of India, especially Tamil Nadu. It documents how the female voice has been recorded in the Tamil literary landscape, from Sangam literature to modern-day Dalit feminist writings. Furthermore, this paper provides a data-driven analysis regarding recent 2024-25 statistics, Tamil Nadu's new policy for women, and prevailing gender gaps..
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
திருக்குறளின் முப்பாலில் நவரஸ வெளிப்பாடு (அறம் – பொருள் – இன்பம் ஆகிய மூவகைப் பிரிவுகளின் ரசவியல் ஆய்வு)
This study explores how the Navarasas (nine aesthetic emotions) are expressed across the three divisions of the Thirukkural—Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), and Inbam (Love). Grounded in the theoretical framework of the Navarasa concept as articulated in Bharata Muni’s Natyashastra, the research analyzes the emotional structure, linguistic conciseness, psychological dimensions, and aesthetic composition of the couplets. It proposes that Shanta (tranquility) and Karuna (compassion) are predominantly expressed in the Araththuppaal, Veera (heroism) and Raudra (anger) in the Porutpaal, and Shringara (love) in the Kamaththuppaal. The central objective of this study is to demonstrate that the emotional evolution across these three sections forms an integrated aesthetic framework.
தமிழர் சமய வரலாற்றில் முருகனின் அறுபடை வீடுகள்: ஒரு விரிவான வரலாற்று மற்றும் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வு
In the spiritual, cultural, and historical evolution of Tamil Nadu, the worship of Murugan serves as a central force. Specifically, the Arupadai Veedu (six sacred abodes) of Lord Murugan are more than just places of worship; they function as "time capsules" showcasing the life values, architectural nuances, archaeological evidence, and literary richness of the Tamil people. This article provides a detailed analysis of the history of the six abodes—Thirupparankunram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudhircholai—based on source documents provided by the user and other research data. The antiquity of these sites is explored through a range of sources, starting from the Sangam literature Thirumurugatruppadai to later works like Thiruppugazh, Puranas, and epigraphical evidence. Furthermore, the article engages in a deep discussion of secondary and tertiary data, such as: The Dutch occupation at Tiruchendur. The Navapashanam science of the Palani hills. The bronze casting technology of Swamimalai. The Jain-Saivite religious harmony at Thirupparankunram. The study elaborates on how 'Seyon,' the deity of the Tamil Kurinji landscape, evolved into 'Murugan' and explains how these six abodes symbolically represent the six stages of human life (marriage, victory, renunciation, wisdom, peace, and ultimate enlightenment)..
தமிழ்க் கிறித்தவக் காப்பியங்களில் இறையியல் கொள்கைகளும் வாழ்வியல் நெறிகளும்
Tamil Christian epics represent a unique synthesis of Biblical theology and the classical aesthetics of Tamil literary tradition. This study examines the ways in which theological doctrines and ethical values are articulated within these epic narratives. It particularly focuses on central Christian themes such as the Crucifixion, the Resurrection, divine love, compassion, forgiveness, the doctrine of creation, sacraments, and the concept of the Trinity, analyzing how these ideas are reinterpreted within the structural and stylistic conventions of Tamil epic literature. The analysis reveals that these works move beyond mere religious storytelling and function as texts of moral and philosophical significance. They not only communicate spiritual insights but also provide ethical guidance, while contributing to broader literary and cultural discussions. In this sense, Tamil Christian epics can be understood as integrative texts that connect spirituality, literary expression, and lived human experience.
திருக்குறளில் மதிநுட்பம்: ஓர் நரம்பியல் மூளைநரம்பியல் ஆய்வு
Knowledge and Wisdom are pivotal components in the evolutionary development of the human race. Over two thousand years ago, the divine poet Thiruvalluvar explained the indispensability of knowledge in the chapter ‘Arivudaimai’ (The Possession of Knowledge). This research paper explores and compares the intellectual concepts presented in the Thirukkural with modern findings in Neuroscience and Neurobiology. Specifically, this study discusses how the functions of brain regions such as the Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, and Hippocampus are subtly described within Valluvar’s couplets. The scope of this research is expanded based on: The neurobiological models of wisdom proposed by Meeks and Jeste (2009). The theories of habit formation described by Eike K. Buabang (2025). The brain's capacity to discern fake news/misinformation as explained by Andrea Grignolio (2022). This study neurobiologically substantiates how knowledge serves as a protective fortress, a tool for mental regulation, and a power to discern the ultimate truth.
Arivudaimai (The Possession of Knowledge)
தமிழக மாதரின் மறுமலர்ச்சி: சங்க காலம் முதல் சமகாலம் வரையிலான ஒரு வரலாற்று மற்றும் சமூகப் பொருளாதார ஆய்வு
Feminism is not an ideology against men; rather, it is considered a revolutionary social change against the negative attitudes of men and society toward women. It is a logical truth that for a society to achieve holistic development, women—the fundamental pillars of that society—must be treated with equal rights and self-respect. As per Simone de Beauvoir’s statement, "One is not born, but rather becomes a woman," the primary objective of feminism is to break the shackles of domesticity and subjugation imposed on women since ancient times. This article provides a detailed exploration of the status of Tamil women from the Sangam era to the modern period. It describes how women, who were characterized by intellect and bravery during the Sangam period, faced social decline during the medieval era, and later experienced a renaissance through the struggles of 20th-century reformers like Thanthai Periyar. Furthermore, it provides a statistical analysis of the impact of contemporary Tamil Nadu government schemes such as 'Pudhumai Penn' and the 'Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thogai' (Women's Basic Income Scheme), which were implemented for women's higher education, employment, and socio-economic security. The primary objective of this paper is to explain, with evidence, the evolutionary growth in women's education, property rights, and political empowerment.
சீறாப்புராணத்தில் தனிமனித மதிப்புகள்: உமறுப்புலவர் காட்டும் அறநெறிகள் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரை
In the history of Tamil literature, religious literatures have contributed significantly to the development of the language and the moral structure of society. Specifically, Islamic Tamil literature created a new cultural environment by merging Tamil traditions with Islamic principles. Among these, 'Seerapuranam,' composed by Umaru Pulavar in the 17th century, is considered a masterpiece epic. This epic does not merely describe the biography of Prophet Muhammad; it subtly records the high moral values an individual must adhere to internally and externally. This article aims to identify the individual values embedded within Seerapuranam. Specifically, this work analyzes how values such as purity of mind, compassion for living beings, forgiveness, self-control, and truthfulness are intertwined with the life of the Prophet through various chapters (Padalams). Furthermore, this study provides a detailed analysis of the influence of ethical theories found in Sangam literature and the Tirukkural on Seerapuranam, as well as the literary traditional shifts employed by Umaru Pulavar.
சதக இலக்கியங்களில் ஆரோக்கிய வாழ்வியல்: சித்த மருத்துவப் பின்னணியிலான ஒரு பன்முக ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries AD are considered the golden age of Sitrilakkiyam (Minor Literature). Specifically, among the ninety-six types of minor literature that flourished during the Nayaka period, 'Sathakam'—structured with one hundred songs—served as a tool to preach the moral codes and ethics necessary for human life. Beyond praising deities and patrons, these Sathakam works have meticulously recorded medical notes and healthy lifestyle guidelines for living a disease-free life. This research paper explores the medical truths embedded in works such as Kayilasanathar Sathakam, Kumaresa Sathakam, Annamalai Sathakam, Arappaleesura Sathakam, and Thandalaiyar Sathakam, linking them with the principles of Siddha medicine. This article provides a detailed analysis of how the advice offered in Sathakam literature regarding the causes of disease, methods of body maintenance, dental hygiene, dietary restrictions (pathyam), the qualifications of a physician, and social health remains relevant to contemporary living. The primary objective of this study is to establish how Sathakam authors conveyed the fundamental Siddha principle of "Food is medicine, Medicine is food" to the general public through simple poetic forms..
கலம்பக இலக்கியங்களில் புயவகுப்பு: ஒரு பன்முகப் பண்பாட்டு மற்றும் இலக்கிய ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, the genre of Prabandhams—collectively known as Sittrilakkiyagal (Minor Literatures)—attained sublime growth in the post-Sangam period. Specifically, Kalambakam, one of the ninety-six types of Sittrilakkiyagal, is a rich literary form characterized by a blend of various poetic meters, verse types, and structural elements encompassing both Akam (interior/love) and Puram (exterior/heroic) themes. 'Puyavaguppu', which serves as one of the introductory elements of this literary form, is a unique component that extols the heroic prowess, philanthropic nature, and the physical strength of the shoulders (Puyangal) of the protagonist. This research paper provides a detailed examination of how the Puyavaguppu element is structured within Kalambakam literature. Specifically, this article deeply analyzes the conceptual frameworks of Puyavaguppu in: Saivite texts: Thillai Kalambakam, Thiruvamathur Kalambakam, Madurai Kalambakam, Kasi Kalambakam, and Thiruvarunai Kalambakam. Vaishnavite texts: Thiruvarangak Kalambakam. Historical texts: Nandhi Kalambakam. The paper further elaborates on the mythological references, social backgrounds, and the rhythmic beauty (Santha Nayam) employed in these verses. The primary objective of this study is to establish the role Puyavaguppu plays in asserting the divine grace of the Almighty and the supreme valor of the King..
தமிழர் தற்காப்புக் கலைகளின் வரலாற்றுப் பரிணாமம், நுட்பியல் மற்றும் நவீன மீட்பு முயற்சிகள்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வு
The true identity of a society is embedded not only in its language but also in its physical intelligence and methods of self-defense. In Tamil tradition, arts such as Silambam, Adimurai, Varma Kalai, and Valari were not merely combat techniques; they flourished as ways of life emphasizing physical and mental discipline. Historical evidence suggests these arts originated as early as 1000 BCE. Heroic references to these disciplines are found in Sangam literature, including the Purananuru and Silappathikaram. Over time, these arts declined due to a lack of documentation and the prohibitions imposed by the British government in 1801. In the contemporary modern context, efforts are being made to reclaim these arts by integrating them into the educational system and including them in national sports programs like 'Khelo India.' This research paper explores in detail the origins of Tamil martial arts, their various branches, literary records, and their significance in the modern era.
தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் ஒப்பாரி: ஒரு சமூகப் பண்பாட்டு மற்றும் வரலாற்று ஆய்வு
In the landscape of Tamil literature, 'Oppari' (dirge) is not merely a component of death rituals; it stands as a rich oral tradition that has persisted through generations and serves as a historical document recording the internal and external transformations of society. This article explores in detail the historical evolution of how the 'Kaiyarunilai' (elegiac) poems, celebrated in Sangam literature, transitioned over time into 'Oppari,' which reflects the emotions of the marginalized sections of society. Traces of Oppari are deeply embedded throughout all eras of Tamil literature—starting from the grammar for mourning defined in Tholkappiyam, the heroic elegies expressed in Purananuru, the righteous indignation found in laments within epics like Silappathikaram, to later Puranas and individual poems. Beyond literary records, this article provides a detailed analysis of Oppari from a folklore perspective, covering its various classifications and sociological backgrounds—specifically examining power struggles related to caste, gender, and class. Furthermore, by comparing Tamil Oppari with Western elegiac traditions, this article highlights the universal aspects of human grief alongside the unique elements inherent to Tamil culture.
தொல்காப்பியத் திணை அமைப்பும் உலகாயத மரபும்
Anthropologist Bhaktavatsala Bharathi posits that all academic disciplines originate from philosophy. In that sense, the creation of grammar must also have been established upon some philosophical background. The formation of grammar encompasses the linguistic practices and the socio-history of a particular land. Tolkappiyam has performed the task of compiling and refining the linguistic and cultural practices of the Tamil land. Accordingly, it can be said that Tolkappiyam carries within itself the philosophical traditions of the Tamil soil. Indian philosophies are generally categorized into two types: Vaidika (Orthodox) and Avaidika (Heterodox). This article attempts to explain how Lokayata (Materialism), an Avaidika philosophy, aligns with the Thinai (eco-poetic) structure of Tolkappiyam. தத்துவத்திலிருந்தே எல்லாத் துறைகளும் தோன்றுகிறது என்பது மானுடவியலாளர் பக்தவச்சலபாரதி அவர்களின் கருத்து. அவ்வகையில் இலக்கண உருவாக்கமும் ஏதோவொரு தத்துவப் பின்னணியிலிருந்து உருவாக்கப்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும். இலக்கண உருவாக்கம் என்பது அந்நிலத்தில் உள்ள மொழி வழக்குகளையும் சமூக-வரலாற்றையும் உள்ளடக்கியதாக இருக்கும். தமிழ் நிலத்தின் வழக்குகளைத் தொகுத்துத் தரப்படுத்திக் கொடுக்கும் வேலையைத் தொல்காப்பியம் செய்திருக்கிறது. அவ்வகையில் தொல்காப்பியம் தமிழ் நிலத்தின் தத்துவ மரபைத் தன்னகத்தேக் கொண்டிருக்கிறது என்று கூறலாம். இந்தியத் தத்துவங்கள் வைதிகம் அவைதிகம் என்று இருவகையாகப் பிரிந்துள்ளது. அதில் அவைதிகத் தத்துவமான உலகாயாதம் தொல்காப்பிய திணை அமைப்புடன் எவ்வாறு பொருந்தியுள்ளது என்பதை இக்கட்டுரை விளக்கமுற்படுகிறது.
நற்றிணையில் விருந்தோம்பல் பண்பாடு: சங்ககாலத் தமிழரின் சமூக அறம், இல்லற மாண்பு மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வு
The Sangam era is considered a golden age in Tamil history, where valor, love, and righteousness (Dharma) flourished. Among the social values of the people of this period, 'Hospitality' (Virunthompals) was regarded not merely as a duty, but as the very purpose of domestic life. Specifically, Narrinai, one of the Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies), records the nuances of hospitality with great intricacy. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the characteristics of hospitality embedded in the poems of Narrinai. It discusses profound concepts such as: How Sangam people welcomed strangers (guests) with a pleasant countenance. The cultural practice of providing food even during late hours of the night. The perspective that a hero’s pursuit of wealth was primarily intended to fulfill the virtue of hospitality effectively. Furthermore, by comparing these themes with texts like Thirukkural, Aattruppadai literature, and Periyapuranam, this study explains how hospitality has been maintained as a continuous moral tradition in Tamil culture. The culinary skills of the Sangam heroine, methods of hosting, and the food culture of the time are also subjected to detailed investigation.
பெத்லகேம் குறவஞ்சியில் வானியல் சிந்தனை: உரைப்பகுப்பாய்வு மற்றும் அறிவியல் அணுகுமுறை
In the section titled "Panthadikkum Tharu" in the Bethlehem Kuravanji, a literary work authored by Vedanayaga Sastriar, it is recounted that Devamohini, a daughter of Zion, marvels at the orderly motion of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets created by God, and proceeds to play with them as if they were balls. The objective of this article is to assess the accuracy of the astronomical details cited by Vedanayaga Sastriar such as planetary rotation, orbital periods around the Sun, distances between the Sun and the planets, and planetary diameters by comparing them against data provided by modern astronomers; furthermore, it aims to elucidate the methodology employed in expressing scientific concepts through the medium of poetry, thereby establishing the manner in which scientific thought is embedded within Tamil literature. This inter disciplinary study employs a textual analysis, comparative and interpretative approach. Far from being merely a work of imaginative poetry, the text encapsulates profound astronomical knowledge. Through this research, it is evident that literature has been effectively utilized as a medium to spread scientific concepts to the general public.
ஆழ்வார் பாசுரங்களில் பண்பாட்டுப் பதிவுகள்
Culture is a vital concept for understanding the evolution of human society, encompassing knowledge, morality, lifestyles, and social relationships. Tamil culture is a rich system integrating language, literature, arts, and traditions, with hospitality and devotion as its core pillars. This study explores the various dimensions of culture as reflected in the hymns of the Azhwars. It specifically examines their deep linguistic devotion to the Tamil language, their contribution to musical traditions (Isai), and the documentation of ancient musical instruments like the Yaazh, Conch (Sangu), and Flute (Kuzhal) within their sacred verses. By analyzing these pasurams, the research highlights how the Azhwars bridged the divine with social and artistic traditions, ensuring the preservation of Tamil cultural identity through spiritual literature.
குறுந்தொகையில் உவமையால் பெயர் பெற்ற புலவர்கள்
As a testament to the noble literary perspective in Sangam Literature that "the creation is greater than the creator," the work titled Kuruntokai is celebrated as the "Good Kuruntokai" (Nalla Kuruntokai). It minutely records emotions related to Akam (interior life/love). Poets nurtured the Tamil language through a combination of intellect and effort. Through their endeavors, they expressed numerous concepts via the Tamil language—beyond just literary and grammatical texts—in a way that everyone could understand. Even amidst civilizational growth, these poets outlined methods for writing in a language free from corruption. The poets of Kuruntokai and their writings are the reason these works remain distinguished, integrating excellence of similes, beauty, love, and the pain of separation within a single poem. This article explores these aspects. தமிழ் இலக்கியமான சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் “படைப்பாளனை விட படைப்பே பெரியது” எனும் உயர்ந்த இலக்கியப் பார்வைக்குச் சான்றாகவும், “நல்ல குறுந்தொகை” என சிறப்பிக்கப்பட்டும், அகம் சார்ந்த உணர்வுகளை மிக நுட்பமாகவும் பதிவு செய்கின்றது. அறிவும் முயற்சியும் உடன் கூறி தமிழை வளர்த்து வந்தார்கள் புலவர்கள். அவர்களின் முயற்சியால் இலக்கிய, இலக்கண நூல்கள் மற்றுமின்றி பல கருத்துக்களை தமிழ் மொழியின் வாயிலாக அனைவரும் உணரும் வகையில் எடுத்துரைத்தார்கள். நாகரிக வளர்ச்சி ஏற்பட்டாலும் மொழியில் கலப்பின்றி எழுதுவதற்கான வழிமுறைகளை புலவர்கள் குறிப்பிடுகிறார்கள். உவமை சிறப்பு, நலன், காதல், வலி என அனைத்து நிலைகளன்களும் ஒரே பாடலில் பயின்று வரும்படி சிறப்பு மிக்கதாக அமையும் வகையில் குறுந்தொகை புலவர்களும் அவர்களின் எழுத்துக்களும் காரணமாக அமைகின்றன. இதனை கட்டுரையின் வாயிலாக காணலாம்.
இமயம் நாவல்களில் பெண்ணிய விழிப்புணர்வு சிந்தனைகள்
This article explores the feminist awareness thoughts found in the novels of Imayam, a significant creator in modern Tamil literature. The article points out how traditional grammars such as 'shyness' (naanam) and 'chastity' (karpu), as defined by Sangam literature and Tolkappiyam, have been patriarchal oppressions imposed upon women. The women appearing in Imayam’s novels are neither philosophers nor great beauties; rather, they are ordinary women struggling for their daily livelihood. Through female characters in novels such as Arokkiyamary in Koveru Kazhudaigal, and others in Arumugam and Sedal, this article explains how Imayam has consciously recorded the sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and social neglect faced by women in both rural and urban environments. Imayam's female characters—who keep flowing like water without faltering in any difficult situation and without thoughts of suicide—provide the courage and awareness necessary for modern society.
Vallalar, also known as Ramalinga Adigalar, stood at the forefront of eliminating societal contradictions and fostering a new societal awakening. He strongly condemned polytheism and animal sacrifices to minor deities, asserting that the Supreme God is the light form of 'Arutperunjothi' (Supreme Grace Light). In 1865, he established the 'Samarasa Veda Sanmarga Sangam' to create a Sanmarga society. He emphasized three great principles for human life: Pasithiru (Be hungry), Thanithiru (Be solitary), and Vizhithiru (Be awake). In this article, these reformist thoughts of Vallalar are compared with the ideas of several scholars and saints, including Thiruvalluvar, Thirumoolar, Thirugnanasambandar, Thirunavukkarasar, Sundarar, Buddha, and Bharathiyar. This paper establishes how closely Vallalar's noble objectives—such as the rejection of meat-eating, eradication of the caste system, the belief in one God, and soul-centered universal brotherhood (Anmaneya Orumaippadu)—align with the thoughts of other enlightened figures.
கலித்தொகையில் கதைசொல்லிகள் வெளிப்படுத்தும் இதிகாசக் தொன்மங்கள்
Myths have existed since time immemorial as traditional continuities in both the oral and written forms of human life. Their imprints are found across world literatures to such an extent that human life is inseparable from them. The mythical elements within literature serve as a mirror reflecting a language's antiquity, civilization, and cultural components. In the ancient Tamil language, myths have expanded and evolved from Sangam literature through to modern contemporary works. In this context, Kalithogai—one of the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies) of Sangam literature—utilizes ancient epics and folklore as narrative tools to express the nuances of the Akam (interior) tradition. This article explains how these mythical elements manifest through the voices of narrators within a social background in Kalithogai.
அஷ்டவர்க்கத்தில் 6, 7 பாவங்களின் தாக்கம் ஆய்வு -1
Marriage is a vital union of minds and families, traditionally analyzed through the "Ten Matches" (Dasa Porutham), Mars Dosha, and Rahu-Ketu placements. However, discrepancies often arise where compatible charts lead to divorce, while less compatible ones result in stable unions. This research utilizes the Ashtakavarga system—specifically the Sarvashtakavarga—to determine the true strength of astrological houses through Bindus (points). By analyzing 50 real-life case studies of individuals who have undergone divorce, this paper investigates the numerical strength of the 7th House (representing marriage) in relation to the 6th House (representing conflict and litigation). The study provides a detailed analysis of how deficiencies in Ashtakavarga points between these two houses can lead to the breakdown of domestic life.
The Architecture of Resilience: Breaking Structural Barriers and Reconstructing Mental Health in the Modern Digital and Socio-Economic Landscape
The modern era is characterized by a profound paradox: unprecedented global connectivity juxtaposed with an escalating crisis of mental health. As of 2025, over one billion individuals globally are living with mental health conditions, a statistic that reflects the compounding pressures of social media saturation, economic volatility, and the erosion of traditional support systems.1 This research report provides an exhaustive analysis of the current mental health landscape, synthesizing clinical data, economic metrics, and philosophical frameworks to propose a multidimensional strategy for support. By examining the impact of problematic social media use (PSMU) on adolescent development, the report highlights a significant shift in psychological morbidity, particularly among Generation Z, where heavy platform usage is correlated with doubled risks of depression and anxiety.3 Furthermore, the analysis integrates the timeless resilience of Gandhian principles—Satyagraha (truth-force) and Swaraj (self-rule)—as cognitive antidotes to digital feudalism and the commodification of attention.5 The economic impetus for institutional change is substantiated by a projected US$ 1 trillion annual loss to the global economy due to diminished productivity, contrasted with a high-return-on-investment (ROI) of up to 4.7:1 for proactive workplace wellness initiatives.1 Finally, the report investigates the efficacy of digital therapeutics, teletherapy, and community-led models in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), advocating for an integrated, person-centered approach that prioritizes "victorious vulnerability" and the removal of structural stigma.7
நன்னாகையார், ஔவையார் பாடிய குறுந்தொகைப் பாடல்களில் அகத்திணைக்கோட்பாடுகள்
Akam poems (interior/love poetry) emerged as an expansive literary form centered on domestic life and internal thoughts, beautifully illustrating the lifestyle of the ancient Tamils. Kurunthogai is considered a vital collection within Sangam literature. Known for its concise lines and precise delivery of ideas, it is recognized as the first among the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies) to be compiled. Compiled by Purikko, Kurunthogai consists of 401 poems, including the celebratory invocation to God, and is often honored with the epithet "Nalla" (The Good Kurunthogai). Sangam literature reveals that people followed cultural and lifestyle practices dictated by their specific geographical landscapes (Thinai). Based on the five-fold classification of land, people organized their lives according to their needs, and Akam literature serves as a mirror to these life experiences. The fundamental elements of this literary genre are Muthal (Primary source: land and time), Karu (Environmental objects/native elements), and Uri (Human emotions/conduct). Grounded in these elements, Tholkappiyar explains the way of life across the five Thinais centered on love. While Muthalporul is divided into land and season/time, Karupporul encompasses everything from deities to musical notes. Uripporul expresses the specific codes of conduct for each landscape—ranging from union and pining to separation. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the Kurunthogai poems written by the Sangam women poets Kachippettu Nannagaiyar (Poem 8) and Avvaiyar (Poem 15) through the lens of these Akathinai principles.
புறநானூற்றில் அறக்கருத்துகள்: பண்டைத் தமிழரின் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள் மற்றும் தத்துவார்த்த நெறிமுறைகள் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வு
Purananuru, which serves as a treasury of ancient Tamil life, is not merely a piece of war literature celebrating bravery; it stands as a noble document defining the ethical principles of society. This article extensively analyzes the ethical concepts embedded within Purananuru. The Tamils did not view Aram (righteousness/ethics) as a mere policy or religious dogma; instead, they revered it as an inseparable code of their daily lives. Fulfilling one's duties without fail was considered the essence of Aram. This paper explains various dimensions such as social ethics, ethics of war, royal justice, the virtue of philanthropy, gratitude, and universal humanism with evidence from Sangam literature. It deeply discusses how the philosophical thoughts expressed through the songs of poets like Kaniyan Pungundranar, Kadulul Mayindha Ilamperuvazhuthi, and Nakkeerar serve as guides even for the modern era. Furthermore, this article provides a detailed exploration of the comparison between the Tamil concept of valor (Maram) and the Greek value of Arête, alongside the humanitarian norms strictly observed even on the battlefield.
தாழை மதியவன் சிறுகதைகளின் கருத்தியல் மற்றும் சமூகக் கட்டுமானங்கள்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வியல் மதிப்பீடு
This article presents a detailed analysis of the creative techniques, socio-political perspectives, and ideological positions of Thazhai Madhiyavan, an author who left a significant mark on the Islamic fictional landscape in the Tamil context during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Focusing specifically on three major short story collections—Thuppakkigalil Pookkum Boopalam (2004), Avargal Azhuthu Kondirukkiraargal (2006), and Karunanidhi Gounder (2008)—this study meticulously examines elements such as the impact of real-life incidents woven into his narratives, Islamic puritanical ideologies (Wahhabism), critiques of Dargah culture, and the expression of feminist thought. Furthermore, the paper discusses how historical tragedies, such as the Kattankudy mosque massacre in Sri Lanka, are fictionalized, and explores the conflicting relationship between Dravidian politics and Islamic principles. This research establishes that Thazhai Madhiyavan’s literary journey is not merely storytelling but serves as a field reflecting a community's search for identity and ideological transformation.
சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் புற வாழ்வியல்: ஒரு சமூக-அரசியல் மற்றும் அறவியல் ஆய்வறிக்கை
Sangam literature is an incomparable encyclopedia that categorizes and explains the life of ancient Tamils into two major divisions: Akam and Puram. Among these, ‘Puram’ encompasses social life beyond an individual’s internal emotions, including general ethical values such as politics, war, bravery, philanthropy, fame, and impermanence. This research report provides a detailed analysis of the heroic theory, social structure, economic systems, and the social contributions of women known through the Puram poems of Sangam literature. Specifically, it documents how the Purathinai (external landscape) theories formulated by Tolkappiyar align with Akathinai (internal landscape) and how later grammatical works expanded upon them. This study confirms that works such as Purananuru and Pathitrupathu exist not merely as literary creations, but as historical documents of Tamil Nadu from 300 BCE to 300 CE. By subjecting elements like the governance of kings, administrative committees, water management, trade relations, and mythical elements such as hero-stone worship to research, the exalted state of Sangam society is described. Furthermore, this chapter speaks in detail about the publication efforts of U.V. Swaminatha Iyer, who recovered these treasures when they were in a state of vanishing.
சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் மனிதநேயச் சிந்தனைகள்
Sangam literature stands as a primary body of literary documents that reflect the cultural, social, and ethical identity of Tamil society. The Sangam poems abundantly portray humanistic values such as a life harmonized with nature, love and heroism, charity, hospitality, and compassion. At the same time, they openly record situations in which humanity is wounded, including the denial of women’s rights, the suffering of widows, and various social constraints. This study approaches Sangam literature as a set of socio-historical documents and aims to examine the humanistic ideas expressed in them through textual, conceptual, and socio-critical perspectives. சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் தமிழ்ச் சமூகத்தின் பண்பாட்டு, சமூக, அறநெறி அடையாளங்களைப் பிரதிபலிக்கும் முதன்மை இலக்கிய ஆவணங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. இயற்கையுடன் இயைந்த மனித வாழ்வு, காதல்–வீரம், கொடை, விருந்தோம்பல், இரக்கவுணர்வு போன்ற மனிதநேயக் கூறுகள் சங்கப் பாடல்களில் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. அதே நேரத்தில், மறுக்கப்பட்ட பெண்ணுரிமைகள், கைம்பெண்களின் துயர நிலை, சமூகக் கட்டுப்பாடுகள் போன்ற மனிதம் காயப்பட்ட சூழல்களும் வெளிப்படையாகப் பதிவாகியுள்ளன. இவ்வாய்வு, சங்க இலக்கியங்களை சமூக–வரலாற்று ஆவணங்களாக அணுகி, அவற்றில் வெளிப்படும் மனிதநேயச் சிந்தனைகளை உரைநிலை, கருத்தியல், சமூகநோக்கு அடிப்படையில் ஆராய்வதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
அகக்கோட்பாட்டில் உள்ளுறையும் இறைச்சியும்
Among the literatures of the world, Sangam Literature stands out as a magnificent testament to the culture and civilization of the Tamil people. These Sangam poems beautifully illustrate the codes of conduct (ozhukkam) associated with the five types of landscapes (Thinai). As defined by Tolkappiyar in the context of "Anbin Ainthinai" (The five landscapes of love), the life of the Sangam people flourished through the framework of the three components: Muthalporul (Primary elements: Time and Space) Karuporul (Regional elements: Flora, fauna, deities, etc.) Uripporul (Human emotions and conduct) The heroes and heroines depicted in these "Akam" (interior/love) poems lived their lives adhering to a refined civilizational conduct. A key element of this is Ullurai (implied metaphor) and Iraichi (suggestive meaning). Through the use of regional elements (Karuporul), the concept of Iraichi serves to subtly describe the behavior and conduct of the hero. This article explores the presence and significance of Iraichi within Sangam Akam literature.
பழநிபாரதியின் கவிதைகளில் இலக்கிய உத்திகள்
Language is the tool used by humans to exchange ideas and thoughts with others. For this purpose, the mother tongue is the most effective. Among all the languages of the world, Tamil possesses unique natural phonetics and exceptional script. It is a language that emerged first, flourished, and attained classical excellence; hence, our Tamil language became a "Classical Language" (Semmozhi). The thought that a nation's progress depends on the progress of its language blossomed among scholars. Many poets emerged and worked tirelessly for the advancement of the language. Bharathi was the first poet to foster nationalism and Tamil sentiment in Tamil literature. Many followed in his footsteps to compose poetry. Among them, poet Palanibharathi stands out, creating works with Tamil sentiment. The objective of this article is to bring to light the new perspectives Palanibharathi has created by employing literary techniques with modern emotions and fervor throughout his poems.
சங்கத் தொகை நூல்களில் சமூக விழுமியங்கள் - ஒரு சமூகவியல் மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பகுப்பாய்வு
Culture is an integrated system encompassing the norms and values prevailing within a society. The Sangam literary works, known as the Thogai Noolgal (Anthologies), serve as a temporal mirror reflecting the sublime values of ancient Tamil life. True Culture explains what people practice in reality within a society, while Ideal Culture proclaims how people should behave and the types of ideals they should follow. Sociologists believe that any culture can be explained only through its fundamental values. The Sangam era was a golden age that excelled in education, valor, philanthropy, and love. This study extensively analyzes the internal (Akam) and external (Puram) social values found in the anthologies within the framework of modern sociological theories. Specifically, this article highlights the unique features of the ancient Tamil social structure by comparing the value definitions of scholars such as Melvin DeFleur, Theodore Caplow, and David Dressler with evidence from Sangam literature.
காலந்தோறும் தமிழ்க் கவிதைகள்: மரபிலிருந்து நவீனத்திற்குத் தொடரும் பரிணாமப் பயணமும் இலக்கிய இயக்கங்களின் பங்களிப்பும்
In the history of Tamil literature, poetry is more than just a collection of words; it is a cultural identity of a society, a political tool, and a subtle expression of human emotions. With a continuous history spanning over two thousand years, the Tamil poetic tradition has undergone various transformations—from the grammatical rules of Yappu (prosody) in the era of Tolkappiyam to the liberated "New Poetry" (Pudukkavithai) of today. This research paper explores in detail how the Akavarpa and Kalippa traditions of Sangam literature flourished, and the shifts brought about in poetic forms by medieval Bhakti literature and epics. Specifically, it deeply analyzes the revolution of prose-poetry (Vasana Kavithai) initiated by Bharathiyar in the 20th century, followed by the formal and thematic contributions made to modern poetry by literary movements such as Manikkodi, Ezhuthu, and Vanambadi. Furthermore, it describes how Japanese poetic forms like Haiku, Senryu, and Tanka took root in the Tamil literary landscape and explains their technical structures. This study also examines how contemporary Tamil poetry aligns with global literary trends and provides a visionary perspective on future poetic forms.