Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies
Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN: 3049-0723 Online is a pioneering multidisciplinary Multilingual online journal dedicated to the rich and varied field of Tamil studies. Published monthly from India, this journal serves as an essential platform for researchers, academics, and students eager to share their insights, research findings, and innovative ideas in the realms of Tamil language, literature, culture, history, and more. In an era where academic discourse is becoming increasingly digital and accessible, Tamilmanam stands out as a beacon for those seeking to contribute to and engage with the Tamil intellectual community worldwide. Name of Journal : Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies Variant Title (In Regional) தமிழ்மணம் சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ் Journal Abbreviation: Tamilmanam IRJTS Journal Category : Multidisciplinary Year of Journal Started : 2024 Publishing frequency: Monthly Publication Format : Online Mode Publication language: Multi Language Tamil (தமிழ்) & English Publisher : Department of Library Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Publisher Address: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College/@10.6636515,76.9942182,17z/data=!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!2sNallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk!3m5!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001 Publication Guidelines : Follow the author's guidelines Editor in Chief: Dr. B. Aruljothi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET Profile Review Process : Open Peer Review Method Acceptance Period : Based on review 1 to 2 weeks.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Autonomous - Pollachi 642001 Tamilnadu, INDIA e-Mail : ngm@ngmc.org
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காணி இன மக்களின் வரலாற்றுப் பின்புலம்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வு
If we do not know the history of yesterday, we will fail to understand what happens today; and if we fail to understand what happens today, tomorrow will not be in our hands” — in the spirit of this observation attributed to poet Bharathidasan, this paper argues that forgetting the history of the Kani (Kanikkaran) people is tantamount to erasing an indigenous community and its culture from our collective memory. The Kani are a Scheduled Tribe who have historically inhabited the Kurinji (hill) and Mullai (forest) landscapes of the southern Western Ghats, living in close harmony with nature. This paper documents the historical background of the Kani people for future generations — their geographical distribution, the etymology of the name ‘Kani’, their distinctive settlement pattern, food habits, cultural style, leadership structure, religious worship, social organisation, language, traditional ecological and medicinal knowledge, and the way of life woven together with nature. Building on primary field-based secondary literature, the study is further extended with open-access scholarly articles, government reports and Census of India data to examine contemporary issues facing the Kani community, including land rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, education, and the protection of traditional knowledge — most notably the Arogyapacha–Jeevani benefit-sharing case.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சிற்பமும் ஓவியமும் சங்கமிக்கும் புடைப்பு ஓவியக் கலை: சங்ககாலம் முதல் சமகாலம் வரை அதன் வரலாறு, அழகியல் மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு அடையாளம் – ஓர் ஆய்வு
Emboss painting is a unique artistic form that integrates the three-dimensional nature of sculpture with the visual expression of painting to record history, culture, religion, social lifestyle, and human emotions. The primary objective of this study is to connect the origin and evolution of this artistic tradition with the long cultural history of Tamil society. This study analyzes relief forms found across various artistic expressions from the Sangam period to the contemporary era, focusing on their themes, structure, technology, artistic elegance, and symbolic significance. Key areas of this research examine how nature, heroism, divine worship, royal lineage, and daily life were visually portrayed in ancient artistic culture, and how these representations transformed over time. In particular, relief forms featured in temples, monuments, architectural structures, and modern art creations are approached through a comparative lens. It also explains how lines, shapes, depth, movement, composition, materials, and decorative elements shape the aesthetic quality of Emboss painting. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that relief art serves not merely as a decorative medium, but as a visual archive transmitting a society's memories, beliefs, lifestyles, and cultural identities across generations. Expressions of contemporary relief art born from the fusion of tradition and modernity are also taken into consideration. Through this, the study attempts to bring to light the historical continuity, artistic character, aesthetic value, and cultural significance of relief art from an integrated perspective.
Bhava Relationship in Dasha Fructification
The benefits (significations/results) received during a specific Dasha period depend on the ruling planet of that Dasha and its connection to the house of signification (Karaka Bhava). Every Dasha period does not deliver all the significations promised in the natal chart. It is the relationship between the Dasha lord and the significator house that determines whether a specific signification will yield results during that Dasha period. This research paper synthesizes information from traditional Vedic astrological texts and modern analytical insights to explain the importance of houses in predicting Dasha results, alongside modern approaches based on Argala and Significators (Soochakar).
தமிழ்க் காப்பியங்களின் சிறப்புகள்: சிலப்பதிகாரம், மணிமேகலை, சீவக சிந்தாமணி ஆகியவற்றின் ஓர் ஒப்பீட்டு ஆய்வு
In the tradition of Tamil literature, the epic literary genre emerged and developed following the Sangam literature. Among the works revered as the Aimperumkappiyangal (Five Great Epics)—Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Sivaka Chintamani, Valayapathi, and Kundalakesi—this research paper aims to examine the special features of the three epics that are available in their entirety today: Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, and Sivaka Chintamani. This paper analyzes political righteousness, social perspective, and feminist perspective through Silappatikaram; religious philosophy and social justice through Manimekalai; and religious doctrines, social structure, and culture through Sivaka Chintamani. Furthermore, this paper reveals from a comparative perspective how these three epics reflect the social structure and multifaceted human life of that period while carrying their respective religious philosophies (Jainism and Buddhism).
NIRF Excellence 2030 நோக்கில்: கலை மற்றும் அறிவியல் கல்லூரிகளின் நிறுவன வளர்ச்சியில் தமிழ்த்துறையின் பங்களிப்பு
As India's National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) moves toward 2030, Arts and Science colleges are compelled to align the contributions of every academic department with institutional growth. This paper argues that the Tamil Department—often perceived merely as a language subject—possesses the potential to make significant contributions across all five NIRF parameters: Teaching, Learning & Resources; Research and Professional Practice; Graduation Outcomes; Outreach and Inclusivity; and Perception. Centering on four dimensions—education, research, Indian Knowledge System (IKS), and community engagement—this article examines how the Tamil Department can contribute to enhancing institutional rankings. The analysis is grounded in recent Tamil studies research papers on Sangam literature, Tolkappiyam, folklore, and linguistic studies, as well as policy studies related to the National Education Policy 2020, NAAC, and NIRF. Additionally, a model Staff Scoring Sheet is included to measure the annual contribution of Tamil Department faculty in alignment with NIRF/NAAC parameters. This paper concludes that Arts and Science colleges can meaningfully achieve the goal of NIRF Excellence 2030 only by shifting away from viewing language departments as "soft" subjects and instead positioning the Tamil Department as a core partner in institutional growth strategy.
பொன்னீலன் படைப்புகளில் நெய்தல் நிலத்தாவரங்கள்
No creator can construct their fictional world without recognizing nature as the primary setting and central theme. It is a global literary tradition for writers born in naturally scenic regions to highlight the ecological structure of their native land and convey the necessity for both the public and the government to protect it. Among such creators, the works of writer Ponneelan—who wrote with Marxist thought and socio-historical awareness against the backdrop of Kanyakumari district, a domain of nature—are unique. The lifestyle system of the people of Kanyakumari district is in no way inferior to the Thinai-based lifestyle of the ancient Tamils, who organized their way of living around the five types of landscapes (Aivagai Nilam). In particular, Ponneelan has brilliantly highlighted the coastal (Neithal) lifestyle of that region and the traditional ecological knowledge of its people through his novels Marupakkam and Thedal. This article comprehensively examines the uses of Neithal land flora featured in Ponneelan's works—such as Alexandria Laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum), Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Screw Pine (Pandanus tectorius), and Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae)—along with regional dialect terms ('Paralgal', 'Velichhennai', 'Kolla Maram', 'Andi', 'Kadumbukkodi'), Sangam literature connections, and modern botanical/medicinal properties from the perspectives of Ecocriticism and Ethnobotany.
பல்லுயிர் பாதுகாப்பு நோக்கில் தொல்காப்பிய ஐந்திணைக் கோட்பாடுகள் – ஓர் சூழலியல் ஆய்வு
Tolkāppiyam, the ancient grammatical text of Tamil, not only explains linguistic grammar but also records the geography, lifestyle, culture, and natural environment of the Tamil people. In particular, the Ainthinai (Five Landscapes) concept presented in the Porulatikaram is a significant framework that reveals the close relationship between the natural environment and human life. The five landscapes—Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai—are characterized by distinctive geographical features, climatic conditions, plants, animals, birds, water resources, occupations, and ways of life. This study examines the Ainthinai concept in Tolkāppiyam from the perspective of modern ecology and biodiversity conservation. By analysing the natural elements and biological diversity associated with each landscape, the study highlights the ecological knowledge and nature-oriented thinking of the ancient Tamils. It demonstrates that the Ainthinai classification reflects an integrated understanding of the interrelationship between humans, nature, and biodiversity, offering valuable insights for contemporary environmental conservation and sustainable living.
சுயமரியாதை இயக்கமும் அதன் சமூக மறுமலர்ச்சிப் பணியும்: தந்தை பெரியார் தலைமையிலான ஒரு வரலாற்று ஆய்வு (1925–1944)
The Self-Respect Movement, launched in May 1925 by Thanthai Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, served as a turning point in the social history of Tamil society. Rationally confronting all forms of human bondages—such as caste, religion, superstition, and women's subjugation—this movement sought to establish a new social order based on rationalism. Based on historical documents, articles from the Kudi Arasu journal, and conference resolutions, this article critically examines the origin and philosophical foundations of the Self-Respect Movement, the resolutions passed through its conferences, its contribution to the women's liberation movement, the anti-Hindi agitation, and its impact on literature, drama, and music. It also describes how the Self-Respect Movement charted an ideological path distinct from the Justice Party, the background of Periyar's exit from the Congress party, and direct actions taken for the eradication of untouchability. This study establishes that the ideological contribution of the Self-Respect Movement serves as a foundational basis for contemporary social justice principles and constitutional values.
இலக்கியம் காட்டும் அறநெறிகள்: பழந்தமிழ் நூல்கள் முதல் நவீன சமுதாயம் வரையிலான வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்களின் ஒப்பாய்வு
Literature serves not only as a mirror reflecting the nature and values of human life, but also functions as a medium that transmits society's norms and culture across generations. In particular, the landscape of Tamil literature plays a vital role in cultivating human moral standards and guiding the individual along the path of righteousness. From Sangam literature to post-Sangam didactic texts, twin epics, devotional literature, and modernist works, literature across all eras subtly emphasizes how man should live with good conduct. Sublime moral principles such as compassion, love, justice, impartiality, unity, humility, and charity are consistently put forward in Tamil literature. The nobility of family relationships, social responsibility, the benevolent mindset of helping other living beings, and ecological ethics that preserve the natural environment are conveyed to readers in an easily understandable manner through verses, poems, and narratives. Through this, Tamil literature stands out as an excellent guide for living that enhances man's inner virtues. Therefore, this study establishes that literature is not merely an art form of aesthetic expression, but also acts as a manual of life ethics that reforms human society and leads it on the right path.
நிலநடுக்கப் பேரிடர் விழிப்புணர்வில் தமிழ் மரபறிவு, இலக்கியம் மற்றும் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு: ஓர் பன்முக ஆய்வு
An earthquake is a natural disaster characterized by its unpredictable nature and destructive potential. Although Tamil Nadu is situated in a relatively low-to-moderate earthquake hazard zone, Tamil Wikipedia (2026) records that the Western Ghats region and coastal areas face unique risks. In this context, long before modern scientific instruments, the Tamil people observed natural phenomena and recorded natural calamities through Sangam literature, epics, folklore traditions, and proverbs. This research paper proposes a multidisciplinary earthquake disaster awareness model by combining Tamil traditional knowledge, literary references, and folklore beliefs with Artificial Intelligence-based Tamil Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies. Consisting of four layers—a Traditional Data Aggregation Layer, a Tamil NLP Analysis Layer, a Scientific Sensor Data Integration Layer, and a Local Language Awareness Output Layer—this model presents traditional wisdom and modern technology not as competing systems, but as complementary ones. Through an illustrative application example, this paper describes how this model can deliver awareness to the public in their local language with local cultural credibility. Finally, the paper reviews the practical challenges, limitations, and future research directions of this integrated approach.
Natural Language ProcessingNatural Language Processing
கல்கியின் பொன்னியின் செல்வனில் பழந்தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களின் தாக்கம்: ஓர் விரிவான கல்விப்புல ஆய்வறிக்கை
This research paper meticulously examines the impact, usage techniques, and structural elegance of ancient Tamil literature in the pioneer of modern Tamil historical novels—the late Kalki Krishnamurthy’s Ponniyin Selvan—adhering strictly to academic research methodologies. The paper critically analyzes Kalki’s evolution of Tamil consciousness—starting from his experience with Thiru. Vi. Kalyanasundaram’s Navasakti journal—and the socio-political backdrop of the 1950s in which the novel was conceived. It details the methodology used to integrate Sangam literature, Thirukkural, epics like Silappathikaram, Shaivite Thirumuraigal, and Nalayira Divya Prabandham into the plot construction and character development. Furthermore, it presents a balanced discussion on the supportive and critical perspectives among various scholars regarding the blending of classical literature into historical fiction, alongside an assessment of Kalki’s own poetic artistry.
இந்திய விடுதலைப் போராட்டத்தில் சிவகங்கை மாவட்டத்தின் அறியப்படாத வீரர்களின் பங்களிப்பு: ஓர் வரலாற்று ஆய்வு
India’s independence was a historic achievement made possible through the sacrifices, dedication, and relentless efforts of countless freedom fighters. Thousands of men and women fought for the liberation of the nation without caring for their lives, possessions, or personal interests. The freedom we enjoy today is the result of their immense sacrifices and unwavering commitment to the cause of national independence. However, only a few freedom fighters have received widespread recognition, while the sacrifices and contributions of many others remain largely unknown to the outside world. It is therefore essential to bring the contributions of these unsung freedom fighters of Tamil Nadu to the attention of the present and future generations. Their courage, sacrifice, and commitment to the nation deserve to be documented, remembered, and commemorated as an integral part of India’s freedom struggle. The significance of the contributions of freedom fighters can never be overstated. Every Independence Day, the nation remembers the thousands of men and women who dedicated themselves to the cause of national liberation. Their sacrifices remain an enduring source of inspiration, and the people of India will continue to remember and honour their invaluable contributions to the nation’s freedom.
In the history of Tamil Epic literature, Sulamani occupies a distinguished position next to Sivaka Sinthamani in terms of literary fame and significance. The original title given to this work by its author, Tholamozhi Thevar is Chenkan Netiyan Charitham. The Epic consists of twelve sarukkams and 2130 verses. This article examines and explains the compositional patterns of the kaliviruttam verses found in the work, based on the principles of Viruttappaviyal. Specifically, it highlights variations in rhyme schemes (etukai and monai), syllable counts, and rhythmic flow (chantham) within the kaliviruttam structures. By mapping these prosodic features against classical metrical rules, the study demonstrates how Tholamozhi Thevar skillfully adapted traditional verse forms to heighten emotional resonance and narrative momentum. Ultimately, this analysis provides deeper insights into the structural brilliance of medieval Tamil Jain epics and contributes to the broader understanding of Tamil metrics (Yappu).
தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களும் கல்வெட்டுகளும் வெளிப்படுத்தும் இசைக்கருவிகள்: ஓர் விரிவான புலமைத்துவ ஆய்வு
Tamil literature contains extensive references to various musical instruments such as Yazh, flute (Kuzhal), Murasu, Parai, Tannumai, Pandil, Kinnaram, and Tudi. Sangam literature glorifies the Yazh as an exceptionally fine melodic instrument, and literary evidence indicates that it was played by troupes of male (Panar) and female (Viraliyar) bards. The 18th verse (Nurpa) of Akattinaiyiyal in Tolkappiyam Porulatikaram highlights the Yazh and Parai as fundamental cultural treasures of the Tamil way of life. The musical intricacies of the ancient Tamils are elaborately explained across Tolkappiyam, Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies), Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls), Silappatikaram, Thevaram, and medieval inscriptions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the origin, structure, crafting techniques, usage, and ensemble dynamics of the four categories of musical instruments—percussion (Thorkaruvi), wind (Kaatrukaruvi), stringed (Narambukaruvi), and idiophones/cymbals (Kanjakaruvi)—as found in Tamil literature and archaeological records.
சிறு, குறு மற்றும் நடுத்தரத் தொழில் நிறுவனங்களின் (MSMEs) செயல்பாட்டு மூலதன மேலாண்மையில் உள்ளீட்டு வரி வரவு (Input Tax Credit – ITC) கட்டுப்பாடுகளின் தாக்கம்
This research paper analyzes the impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) Input Tax Credit (ITC) restrictions on the working capital management of Indian Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Despite ITC's design to prevent cascading taxes and improve liquidity, MSMEs face significant challenges securing timely credit due to CGST Act compliance conditions (Sections 16–21), GSTR-2B reconciliation, blocked credits, vendor reliance, and strict deadlines. Drawing on secondary data and 15 recent studies from the past five years, the paper highlights how ITC delays disrupt cash flow, inventory, trade cycles, and the Cash Conversion Cycle, ultimately increasing operational costs, bank debt reliance, and competitive pressure on MSMEs. Finally, it offers policy recommendations to streamline ITC processes and alleviate financial stress for the sector.
வள்ளுவரும் வாழ்வியலும்: அறம், பொருள், இன்பம் மற்றும் நவீன சமூக அமைப்பில் திருக்குறளின் பயன்பாட்டுப் பரிமாணங்கள்
The primary objective of this article is to examine how Thiruvalluvar's Thirukkural guides human life towards excellence, and to deeply explore how it provides guidance for future societal needs and modern life challenges1. Originating over two thousand years ago, the values of Thiruvalluvar—who formulated the three great foundational principles of Virtue (Aram), Wealth (Porul), and Love (Inbam) for the betterment of humanity—possess a universal nature applicable to all eras1. Based on data from the original text and compared with research data from modern international Tamil research journals, this article comprehensively establishes the practical life applications of Thirukkural. It covers a wide range of topics, from its mathematical structure, ethical management, and the Indian Knowledge System (IKS), to Artificial Intelligence governance (AI Governance).
வாய்மொழி மரபிலிருந்து நெறிமுறைக்கு: செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு வழியிலான தமிழ் நாட்டார் கதைகளின் உருமாற்றம்
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is rapidly enhancing its capacity to generate narratives that closely resemble traditional folklore. However, unlike human societies, artificial intelligence possesses no direct lived experience, cultural memory, or ritual participation. Instead, it analyzes structural patterns within massive textual datasets and recombines them into new narrative forms through computational algorithms. This paper analyzes how AI constructs folklore-like structures by borrowing structural elements from traditional folklore and embedding contemporary technological and social themes. Through a sample AI-generated narrative and its critical textual analysis, this study comprehensively examines digital folklore, hybrid folklore, and the emerging threat of "fakelore" in an era of algorithmic creativity. This paper argues that AI folklore represents a form of "experience-less creativity," wherein cultural forms are simulated through computational modeling rather than being inherited across generations through collective memory or oral tradition.
திருக்குறள் கட்டமைப்பில் பழமொழி மற்றும் விடுகதைகளின் பங்கு: வாய்மொழி மரபும் எழுத்து இலக்கிய ஒருங்கிணைப்பும் பற்றிய விரிவான ஆய்வு
: In the Tamil cultural landscape, proverbs (mudhumozhi) and riddles (pisi)—oral literary traditions that have been in continuous practice over ages—serve as repositories of common folk's social experiences and portals to life's fundamental truths. Thirukkural, standing as the crown jewel of Tamil ethical literature, is not merely a compilation of textual or manuscript-bound thoughts, but is intrinsically structured with the deep stylistic and philosophical elements of the oral tradition. Against the backdrop of the prosodic limits outlined in Tolkappiyam’s Cheyyuliyal, oral customs, and folkloric theories, the primary objective of this paper is to analyze how Thiruvalluvar crafted the oral techniques of rural people into the classical Kural Venba poetic meter. In this study, proverbs and riddles collected through field research, Tolkappiyam grammatical sutras, Sangam literary citations, and data from open-access international journals are critically examined from a comparative perspective. Thiruvalluvar effectively utilized the proverbs and riddles prevalent during his time as tools to establish a nuanced technique of succinctly expounding the three-fold path—Virtue (Aram), Wealth (Porul), and Love (Inbam)—essential for human society. Ultimately, this study establishes that the structural strategies of the oral tradition are the primary catalysts behind Thirukkural’s universal perpetuity, polysemy (multiplicity of meaning), and timeless aesthetic appeal.
மார்க்கண்டேய புராணத்தில் சக்தி வழிபாட்டுத் தத்துவம் - தேவி மாகாத்மியத்தின் வெளிச்சத்தில் ஓர் ஆய்வு
Centered on the *Devi Mahatmya* section of the *Markandeya Purana*, this study examines the philosophical foundations of Shakti worship within Hinduism's Shakta tradition. Structured around a dialogue between Sage Markandeya and Kraustuki and anchored by three core mythological narratives—the slayings of Madhu-Kaitabha, Mahishasura, and Shumbha-Nishumbha—the text establishes Parasakti as the supreme divinity responsible for cosmic creation, preservation, and dissolution. Using textual and expository methodologies, the paper demonstrates how the veneration of Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati offers a blueprint to overcome the three *gunas* (*tamas*, *rajas*, and *sattva*), ultimately reframing Shakti worship from external ritualism into an internal spiritual journey of self-elevation.
பிரம்ம புராணத்தில் இறை வழிபாட்டு முறைகளும் சரணாகதி தத்துவமும்: பக்தி இலக்கிய நோக்கிலான ஓர் ஆய்வு
This study explores the Brahma Purana through the lens of Bhakti literature, analyzing its various modes of divine worship and the core philosophy of Saranagati (total surrender). By comparing Sanskrit Puranic concepts with the Tamil Bhakti traditions of the Alvars and Nayanmars, the paper argues that devotional practices such as chanting (Nama Japa), meditation (Dhyana), ritual worship (Archana), fasting (Vrata), and pilgrimage (Tirtha Yatra) serve as progressive spiritual steps (sadhana) that naturally culminate in complete self-surrender. Supported by textual evidence from the Brahma Purana, recent Tamil academic books, and fifteen research articles, the study concludes that outward worship rituals and Saranagati are not isolated practices, but rather two sequential phases along a continuous path of spiritual evolution.
சிவலிங்க வழிபாட்டின் தத்துவ அடிப்படைகள் மற்றும் பஞ்சாட்சர மந்திரத்தின் தத்துவ விளக்கம்
In Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy, Shivalinga worship and the five-syllable Panchakshara Mantra (*Na-Ma-Si-Va-Ya*) are complementary visual and acoustic representations of the same ultimate reality, bridging the transcendent and tangible through formless-form (*Aruva-Uruvam*) and sacred sound energy. Each of the five syllables corresponds directly to one of the five cosmic elements (*Panchabhutas*: earth, water, fire, air, and ether) represented physically by the Linga, creating a unified framework that embodies the core Shaiva Siddhanta triad of *Pati* (the Supreme Being), *Pasu* (the soul), and *Pasa* (bondage). Grounded in canonical sources such as Tirumular’s *Tirumandiram*, Shivavakkiyar's verses, Agamic literature, and the Siddha tradition, the synthesis of Shivalinga worship and Panchakshara chanting elevates external ritual into an internal, soul-liberating discipline that reveals the complete essence of Shaiva philosophy.
சமூக மாற்றத்திற்கான காருட புராணக் கருத்துக்கள்
This paper examines the Garuda Purana not merely as a religious text on death, rebirth, and rituals, but as an influential moral treatise shaping individual ethics and social order. Reinterpreting its core doctrines against contemporary social change, the study highlights how the karmic principle of "reaping what you sow" promotes virtuous behavior, yet risks being misused to legitimize caste hierarchy, inequality, and suffering by birth, while its mandated funeral rites can create financial and psychological strain despite fostering family unity. Using a comparative textual approach with classical Tamil ethical works like the Tirukkural and Naladiyar, the paper identifies tensions between Puranic concepts and modern values of equality, reason, and diversity. It concludes that rather than rejecting ancient scriptures outright, their ethical essence should be responsibly adapted to reconcile traditional heritage with modern social justice and harmony.
கம்பராமாயணத்தில் மந்தரையின் சொல்வன்மை (உளவியல் மற்றும் இலக்கியப் பகுப்பாய்வு)
In the tradition of Tamil literature, the *Kambaramayanam* holds a significant place among the great epics that deeply chronicle the intricate psychological workings of the human mind. The character Manthara, despite possessing neither political authority nor military might, demonstrates the power to alter the political history of Ayodhya through her eloquence. She systematically transforms the mindset of Kaikeyi—who was initially overjoyed at the news of Rama’s coronation—by strategically invoking psychological elements such as fear, maternal affection, a sense of loss, trust, and a sense of entitlement. This study re-examines Manthara’s eloquence not merely as a literary event, but through the lens of modern psychological and communication theories. Manthara’s dialogue is compared with modern psychological theories such as fear appeal, loss aversion, emotional framing, source credibility, the foot-in-the-door technique, and cognitive justification. Furthermore, her eloquence is evaluated in light of the principles of verbal prowess articulated by Thiruvalluvar in the chapter on 'The Power of Speech' (Kural 641–650). The central thesis of this study is that Manthara is not merely a negative character; rather, she is a skilled communication expert who deeply understood the dynamics of the human mind and utilized language as a tool for political communication.
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு (AI) வழியாக தமிழர் மரபுக் கல்வியை மேம்படுத்துதல்
Tamil Heritage Education represents a rich body of traditional knowledge encompassing palm-leaf manuscripts, Sangam literature, Thinnai-based indigenous education, Siddha medicine, folk arts, and cultural practices that have been transmitted across generations. However, these invaluable knowledge resources face significant challenges, including physical deterioration, inadequate documentation, and limited digital accessibility. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers innovative opportunities to preserve, digitize, and disseminate Tamil heritage education while integrating it with contemporary educational practices. This study proposes a conceptual AI-driven framework for enhancing Tamil Heritage Education through the integration of Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Large Language Models (LLMs), Voice AI, and Virtual Reality (VR). The proposed framework aims to facilitate the digitization of heritage resources, improve the interpretation of classical Tamil texts, and support personalized and interactive learning experiences. The study adopts a conceptual and literature-based research approach by reviewing contemporary studies on artificial intelligence, digital heritage preservation, educational technology, and Tamil cultural resources. The findings suggest that AI technologies have considerable potential to support the preservation, accessibility, and dissemination of Tamil heritage knowledge while fostering learner engagement and digital scholarship. The proposed framework provides a foundation for future research on AI-enabled heritage education and contributes to the sustainable preservation of Tamil cultural and educational traditions in the digital era.
சிலப்பதிகார நிலப்பரப்பு - பயணங்களின் மீதான பயணம் (கண்ணகியார் அடிச்சுவட்டில் – மிளிர்கல் – கண்ணகி கோயிலும் வைகைப் பெருவெளியும் நூல்களை முன் வைத்து)
Topography defines the setting of stories and it is essential to understanding literature. In literature, “Imaginary Topography” refers to constructing a fictional world’s setting, people, and culture through details such as landforms, climate, and natural resources. Ilango Adigal’s Silappathikaram presents such an imagined Topography through the journeys of Kannagi, Kovalan, and Kavunthiyadigal. Later, three researchers C. Govindarajan, R. Murugavel, and Pavel Bharathi added new dimensions to this footstep-based literature. Across their interpretations, the actual paths and their descriptions remain crucial. Because landscapes and routes have changed significantly over thousands of years, this article uses literary sources to connect historical travel points, routes, and their main land.
திருவாலவாயுடையார் திருவிளையாடற் புராணத்தில் கலிவிருத்தங்கள்
The Thiruvalavayudaiyar Thiruvilayadal Puranam is the first Thiruvilayadal Puranam to appear in Tamil in the history of ancient literature. This book, which has various special names such as Vembattrar Thiruvilayadal, Aadi Thiruvilayadal Puranam, Pazhaya Thiruvilayadal, and Nambi Thiruvilaiyadal, contains 1,753 Vritta songs. This article is designed to analyze and explain the method of studying and the composition of the Kali Vrittams contained in this book, which was composed by Perumpatrapuliyur Nambi, based on the Vritta Paviyal. By dissecting the rhythmic nuances, metrical variations, and structural patterns within these verses, the study highlights how Nambi expertly adapted traditional prosodic norms to enhance the narrative's emotional and devotional depth. Furthermore, this research underscores the pivotal role of Kali Vrittams in bridging classical Tamil poetic forms with devotional literature, offering valuable insights for scholars of Tamil prosody (Yaappu) and medieval literary traditions.
அகநானூற்றில் சீர்நிலை எதுகைத் தொடை மரபுகள்
From Tolkappiyam onwards, one can trace how Tamil prosody (grammar of poetic composition) has evolved over time. Among the essential elements of verse specified in prosody, Thodai (poetic harmony/rhyme) is one. Edukai Thodai (second-letter rhyming), which stands as one of the primary types of Thodai, serves as a vital element in bestowing acoustic richness to a poem. It highlights the musical and rhythmic beauty of a verse. This research paper explores how this Edukai Thodai, as manifested across metrical foot positions (Sir-Nilai) in the poems of Agananuru, acts as a foundation for earlier prosodic traditions while paving the way for later poetic conventions.
ஆதனின் பொம்மைசிறுகதை காட்டும் தொல்லியல் கூறுகள்
The short novella “Aathanin Bommai” (Aathan’s Toy) depicts an ancient manner of living. Readers can see different archaeological elements related with the Indus Valley Civilization in this narrative, including excavated potsherds, coins, ceramics, and seals. The story emphasizes the Indus Valley people’s egalitarian thinking, civilization, culture, economy, technology, language, ethnicity, history, and antiquity, as well as the lifestyles and moral principles that their forefathers practiced. It also features children’s clay toys, cultural expression, artistic sensitivities, and craftsmanship. References to bead necklaces, coral-set rings, jewelry, pearls, old dietary habits, trade and commerce symbols, ancient architecture, and technical breakthroughs add to the archaeological theme. Thus, the short novella Athan’s Toy provides a wealth of archaeological, historical, and cultural insights into ancient life.
நந்திக்கலம்பகமும் அறம்பாடுதல் உத்தியும்: தமிழ் இலக்கிய மற்றும் இலக்கண மரபில் ஓர் ஆய்வு
The literary concept of Aram Pāṭuthal (ethical or curse-like poetic invocation) in Nandikkalambakam has been the subject of scholarly debate. Some researchers argue that Aram Pāṭuthal is incompatible with the Tamil literary tradition and that such a technique is absent in Nandikkalambakam. This study re-examines those claims and argues that Aram Pāṭuthal has existed as a continuous literary tradition from the Sangam period to the present. The study compares the Ānanda Kuṟṟam found in Malaipaṭukaṭām and the satirical poems of Kāḷamēga Pulavar (Āṟṟār, Kayaṟṟāṟu, and Āṟumuka Maṅkalam) with the Aram Pāṭuthal found in Nandikkalambakam. It further examines the traditional belief in the transformative power of music—such as lighting lamps through Dīpamālai, invoking rain through Amṛtavarṣiṇi, charming serpents through Punnāgavarāḷi, and curing diseases through Ānanda Bhairavi—to argue that poetic utterances endowed with Aram were also believed to possess the power to bring about tangible consequences. The study concludes that Aram Pāṭuthal in Nandikkalambakam is not merely a mythical belief but a significant literary device deeply rooted in Tamil literary, cultural, and traditional thought.
வைக்கம் முகம்மது பஷீர் சிறுகதைகளில் காணப்படும் உத்திகள்
This study traces the evolution of Tamil literature from ancient Sangam poetry to modern genres like novels and short stories, highlighting the significant impact of translated works from neighboring Dravidian languages. Specifically, it focuses on the immensely popular Tamil translations of Malayalam author Vaikom Muhammad Basheer's short stories and novels, translated by Sukumaran and Kulachal Yusuf. Ultimately, the research aims to analyze the various literary techniques employed in Basheer's short stories, with a particular emphasis on how he crafts his titles, beginnings, narrative flow, and conclusions.