Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies
Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN: 3049-0723 Online is a pioneering multidisciplinary Multilingual online journal dedicated to the rich and varied field of Tamil studies. Published monthly from India, this journal serves as an essential platform for researchers, academics, and students eager to share their insights, research findings, and innovative ideas in the realms of Tamil language, literature, culture, history, and more. In an era where academic discourse is becoming increasingly digital and accessible, Tamilmanam stands out as a beacon for those seeking to contribute to and engage with the Tamil intellectual community worldwide. Name of Journal : Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies Variant Title (In Regional) தமிழ்மணம் சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ் Journal Abbreviation: Tamilmanam IRJTS Journal Category : Multidisciplinary Year of Journal Started : 2024 Publishing frequency: Monthly Publication Format : Online Mode Publication language: Multi Language Tamil (தமிழ்) & English Publisher : Department of Library Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Publisher Address: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College/@10.6636515,76.9942182,17z/data=!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!2sNallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk!3m5!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001 Publication Guidelines : Follow the author's guidelines Editor in Chief: Dr. B. Aruljothi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET Profile Review Process : Open Peer Review Method Acceptance Period : Based on review 1 to 2 weeks.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Autonomous - Pollachi 642001 Tamilnadu, INDIA e-Mail : ngm@ngmc.org
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சி. எம். முத்துவின் படைப்புகளில் பண்பாட்டு பதிவுகள்
The lives of the people are also intertwined with their artistic works. The short stories of the writer C. M. Muthu can be classified as documents of the Tamil society. His stories are stories of a type that cannot be written without seeing the events happening before our eyes. He describes the original lifestyle of the villages, the customs and beliefs of the people, etc. Most of C. M. Muthu's short stories are written in a way that documents the lives of the people of the integrated Thanjavur district without being too down to earth. It is no exaggeration to say that the world he knew was the world in which he wrote his stories, leaving no room for images or imagination, and the words that really tremble. It is noteworthy that C. M. Muthu is one of the most important people like Jayakanthan S. Samudram, who gave Tamil life to the naturalistic literary perspective classified by Emil Solo.
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குறியீட்டியல் மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் பின்புலத்தில் சங்க இலக்கிய அன்றில் உருவகங்கள்
Sangam literary poems serve as historical repositories that accurately record the internal (Akam) and external (Puram) lives of ancient Tamils. In particular, poets utilized nature as a primary tool to express the deep emotional states of characters in Akam poetry. Literary devices such as Ullurai Uvamam (Inherent Metaphor) and Iraicchi (Implied Meaning), which reflect human emotions through the behaviors of non-human beings, are predominant in these songs. This study extensively analyzes the symbolic significance of the Anril bird within the ecological background of the Neithal (coastal) landscape and the psychological states of Akam characters as expressed by Sangam poets through the bird's life. The Anril, a unique bird that nests in palm trees, serves as a powerful metaphor for the heroine's longing and the sorrow of loneliness due to its inseparable nature, its mournful cry, and its behavior during separation. The primary objective of this paper is to approach the biological markers of the Anril’s appearance, its habitat, its vocalizations, and its symbolic status in literature through the lens of modern semiotic theories. Furthermore, using the ornithological research of scholars like P.L. Samy and contemporary biological data, this study substantiates the connection between the Anril bird and the Red-naped Ibis.
புறநானூற்றில் உணவுப் பெயர்கள்: ஓர் விரிவான பார்வை
Sangam literature serves as a chronological mirror, precisely reflecting the culture, civilization, and lifestyle of Tamils from approximately two thousand years ago. This research paper explores the primary objective of identifying and analyzing food names and references found within Purananuru, one of the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies). By examining key terms such as Choru (Rice), Paal (Milk), Meen (Fish), Adisil (Cooked food/Cuisine), and Kari (Meat), the study demonstrates how these ancient culinary terms have persisted in the Tamil social fabric to the present day. The analysis further delves into the relationship between the five landscapes (Ainthinai) and food distribution, the cultural significance of hospitality (Virunthompalam), and the technical aspects of ancient Tamil culinary arts. Ultimately, the paper concludes that food in the Sangam era was not merely a means to satisfy hunger but a profound cultural identity that encapsulates the traditions and moral values of the Tamil community.
புறப்பொருள் வெண்பாமாலையில் தமிழரின் மண்ணுறு தொழில்களும் நவீன காலச் சூழலியல் சவால்களும்
Ancient Tamil society was a sublime civilization intricately intertwined with the elements of nature. Specifically, the grammatical traditions of Purapporul did not merely celebrate heroism and philanthropy; they identified land-based occupations and arts as symbols of 'Victory' (Vaagai). The medieval grammatical text Purapporul Venba Maalai lists eighteen types of victories under the 'Vaagai Thinai' (the theme of victory). These include agriculture, trade, wrestling, music, and various soil-based traditional occupations. Sangam literature and archaeological evidence prove that all these occupations maintained a sustainable economic cycle that did not harm nature. However, contemporary research indicates that as a result of the industrial revolution, Tamil Nadu's soil fertility has become toxic due to heavy metals and industrial waste. This study provides a detailed analysis of the soil-based occupational concepts found in Purapporul Venba Maalai, compares them with modern ecological degradation based on data, and emphasizes the necessity of returning to a nature-oriented lifestyle.
தமிழர் மரபுசார் கப்பல் கட்டுமானத் தொழில்நுட்பம் மற்றும் கடல்சார் வணிக மேலாண்மை: இலக்கிய, தொல்லியல் மற்றும் நவீன காலப் போக்குகள் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வு
Tamil civilization is deeply intertwined not only with its landscapes but also with the vast expanses of the ocean. Sangam literature, medieval inscriptions, and modern archaeological studies collectively prove that Tamils, with a historical background spanning thousands of years, were global pioneers in maritime trade and shipbuilding technology. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the unique 'Tankai' (stitched-hull) shipbuilding technique, scientific methods of timber selection, the nautical expertise of navigating by understanding wind directions and tides, and the naval management of the Chola era. Furthermore, it covers technical evidence emerging from underwater explorations in regions like Poompuhar and Arikamedu, as well as modern initiatives such as the 'Mega Shipbuilding Cluster' undertaken by the government to transform the Thoothukudi region into India's 'Shipbuilding Capital. தமிழர் நாகரிகம் என்பது அதன் நிலப்பரப்போடு மட்டுமல்லாமல், பரந்து விரிந்த கடல் பரப்போடும் இரண்டறக் கலந்த ஒன்றாகும். பல்லாயிரம் ஆண்டுகால வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணி கொண்ட தமிழர்கள், கடல்சார் வணிகத்திலும் கப்பல் கட்டுமானத் தொழில்நுட்பத்திலும் உலகிற்கே முன்னோடியாகத் திகழ்ந்தனர் என்பதைச் சங்க இலக்கியங்களும், இடைக்காலக் கல்வெட்டுகளும், நவீன தொல்லியல் ஆய்வுகளும் ஒருசேர மெய்ப்பிக்கின்றன. இந்த ஆய்வறிக்கையானது, தமிழர்களின் தனித்துவமான 'தன்கை' (Tankai) எனப்படும் தையல்முறை கப்பல் கட்டுமான நுட்பம், மரங்களைத் தேர்வு செய்யும் அறிவியல் முறைகள், காற்றின் திசை மற்றும் ஓதங்களை (Tides) அறிந்து கலம் செலுத்தும் மாலுமி கலை, மற்றும் சோழர் காலத்துக் கடற்படை மேலாண்மை ஆகியவற்றை விரிவாக ஆராய்கிறது. மேலும், பூம்புகார் மற்றும் அரிக்கமேடு போன்ற பகுதிகளில் மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட கடலடி ஆய்வுகள் வழி வெளிப்படும் தொழில்நுட்பச் சான்றுகளையும், தற்காலத்தில் தூத்துக்குடி பகுதியை இந்தியாவின் 'கப்பல் கட்டும் தலைநகராக' மாற்ற அரசு மேற்கொண்டு வரும் 'மெகா கப்பல் கட்டும் தளம்' (Mega Shipbuilding Cluster) போன்ற நவீன முன்னெடுப்புகளையும் இந்த அறிக்கை உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது.
அம்பை சிறுகதைகளில் குடும்பச் சிந்தனைகளும் பெண்நிலை ஆய்வும்: ஒரு விரிவான சமூக-இலக்கியப் பகுப்பாய்வு
C.S. Lakshmi, writing under the pseudonym Ambai, is a pioneering creator in the world of Tamil short stories who expresses feminist perspectives through a subtle and nuanced aesthetic. Beginning her literary journey in the late 1960s, her works consistently interrogate a woman’s existence, silence, bodily autonomy, and the politics of social spaces within the traditional framework of the "family." This paper provides a detailed analysis of the familial thoughts reflected in Ambai’s short stories against the backdrop of sociological and feminist theories. Specifically, this study reveals how her stories reflect the complexities of husband-wife relationships, parent-child conflicts, elderly care, and the challenges women face within patriarchal structures. By comparing contemporary family dynamics with Sangam literary principles, this research explains the changes wrought by modernization and urbanization through stories such as ‘A Purple Bird with a Green Neck’ (Sivappu Kazhuthudan Oru Pachai Paravai), ‘Wrestling’ (Mallukkattu), ‘The Barbarian’ (Milechan), and ‘The Fall’ (Veezhthal). Furthermore, it explores how modern concepts like Ecofeminism and Body Politics are interwoven into Ambai's narratives.
திருக்குறளில் வாழ்வியல் அறங்கள்: ஒரு முழுமையான பன்முக ஆய்வு
Thirukkural, composed two thousand years ago, serves as a magnificent bridge connecting the life values of the Tamil people with universal ethics. This research paper, titled "Life Ethics in Thirukkural," provides an in-depth analysis of the foundations of virtue (Aram) as celebrated by Valluvar, its practical applications, the excellence of domestic life, social responsibility, political management, and purity of action. Specifically, this study establishes that purity of mind is the fountainhead of virtue and that domestic life serves as the moral foundation for a human being’s function within society. By comparing Thirukkural with the Sangam literature Kurinjipattu and the ethical text Naladiyar, the uniqueness of Valluvar’s thoughts is highlighted. Furthermore, the central theme of this research explores the universal impact and modern-day relevance of Thirukkural within the contemporary economic landscape, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Artificial Intelligence (AI) management, and positive psychology. Ultimately, it is extensively proven that Thirukkural is not merely a book for a specific era, but a complete life guide for the future of humanity.
குறிஞ்சிப்பாடி வட்டார சிறார் வழக்காறுகள்: ஒரு மொழியியல் மற்றும் சமூகப் பண்பாட்டுப் பகுப்பாய்வு
The Kurinjipadi region, located in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, is renowned for its ancient history and unique handloom culture. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the language usage of children living in this area, focusing on the regional dialects, phonological changes, and socio-cultural influences present in their daily conversations. Specifically, the article analyzes the unique word formations, phonetic contractions, and the linguistic structure of folk/play songs found among children aged 4 to 12. Data collected through field study reveals the impact of family environment, occupational background, and modern media on the linguistic development of these children. Ultimately, this study establishes a strong foundation for creating a lexicon of regional children's vocabulary for the Kurinjipadi area.
ஆழி சூழ் உலகு நாவலில் நாட்டுப்புறப் பாடல்கள்
Literature serves as a mirror reflecting the social changes of its era alongside the internal and external lives of its people. Modern novels that document the lives of marginalized communities are particularly significant, as they encapsulate oral histories and cultural elements within their narrative. Joe D'Cruz's novel, 'Aazhi Soozh Ulagu' (Ocean-Ringed World), stands as a profound social document recording fifty-two years (1933–1985) of the life and culture of the Parathavar community living in the southern coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. The folk songs featured in this novel are not merely musical forms; they function as mediums expressing the labor, pain, rituals, family dynamics, and philosophical understandings of death held by the working class. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the lullabies, game songs, occupational songs (Amba), ritual hymns, and elegies (Oppari) found in the novel, utilizing the frameworks of folkloristic theories. Furthermore, this study demonstrates, through various evidences, how the novel serves as a specific ethnographic record and a significant work of cultural ecology.
பஷீரின் பால்யகால சகி நாவலில் பெண்ணடிமை வெளிப்பாடு: ஒரு பன்முக சமூக-இலக்கிய ஆய்வு
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, regarded as the "morning star" of modern Malayalam literature, wrote the novel "Balyakalasakhi" (Childhood Companion). It is not merely an ordinary love story; it is a tragic document of the poverty, patriarchal structures, and female subjugation prevalent in the Kerala Muslim society of the early 20th century. This article provides an in-depth feminist analysis of the life struggles of the female characters, particularly Suhara. It explores the hierarchical power of a patriarchal society, the denial of education, physical oppression carried out through rituals, and the violence enacted in the name of marriage. Against the backdrop of Basheer’s unique philosophy of "something a little bigger," this study utilizes socio-historical data to present how poverty and patriarchy converge to shatter a woman’s personality.
Among the Sangam literary works, Purananuru, one of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai), stands as a rare and invaluable literary treasure that vividly portrays the public life of the ancient Tamils. The poems in this work clearly articulate fundamental values of life such as war, polity, charity, moral conduct, self-respect, education, and humanism. This study examines the ethical principles of life presented by the poets of Purananuru under four major themes: the excellence of charity, the elevation of moral conduct, the nobility of kingship, and the self-respect of poets. The study concludes that Sangam-age Tamils did not regard material wealth as the ultimate goal of life; instead, this literary work firmly establishes that “living well oneself and enabling others to live well” was considered the highest ideal of life.
தமிழின் ஐம்பெரும் காப்பிய மரபுகள்: இலக்கிய, சமூக மற்றும் சமயப் பரிமாணங்கள் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, the period following the Post-Sangam era is celebrated as the Age of Epics. The Five Great Epics—Silappathikaram, Manimekalai, Seevaka Chinthamani, Valayapathi, and Kundalakesi—which emerged during this time, structured the values of Tamil life based on the four fundamental goals: Virtue (Aram), Wealth (Porul), Pleasure (Inbam), and Liberation (Veedu). Among these, Silappathikaram and Manimekalai are known as the 'Twin Epics' due to their interconnected narratives and character arcs. While Silappathikaram discusses the greatness of domestic life and the power of destiny, Manimekalai puts forth the excellence of renunciation and Buddhist ethics that sprouted from it. Seevaka Chinthamani explains the spiritual quest following the pursuit of pleasure through a Jain lens. Although Valayapathi and Kundalakesi are not available in their entirety, the extant verses allow us to understand the religious debates and philosophies regarding impermanence prevalent in the society of that era. This paper explores the literary merit, social structure, the tradition of courtesans, and religious doctrines of these five epics through a multi-faceted analysis.
சைவக் குரவர்கள் பாடல்களில் இயற்கை வருணனை உவமைகள்
In the history of Tamil literature, the period from the 7th to the 9th century CE is considered the golden age of the Bhakti movement. The Saivite saints (Saiva Kuravargal) who lived during this era—Thirugnanasambanthar, Thirunavukkarasar, Sundaramurthy Nayanar, and Manikkavasagar—nurtured both the Tamil language and spirituality concurrently. In their hymns, nature does not merely serve as a backdrop; it acts as a treasury of similes that illustrate the supreme power of God, the yearning of the soul, and the values of Saiva Siddhanta. This article explores in detail how the Sangam-era Ainthinai (five landscapes) traditions underwent a spiritual evolution in Bhakti literature and how the richness of the sacred shrines is explained through nature similes. Specifically, it analyzes subtle literary elements—such as the natural beauty of the Marutham (agricultural land), Kurinji (mountainous region), and Neithal (coastal region); the tradition of sending bees and doves as messengers in Agapporul (internal/love themes); and the comparison of rain to the grace of the Divine—through the lens of Immanuel Kant’s aesthetic theories and Saivite philosophy. The primary objective of this research is to highlight how Bhakti literature transforms romantic love into a path of supreme bliss (Perinbam) and establishes the lofty concept of viewing nature as the physical manifestation of the Divine.
Nayaka-Nayaki Bhavam (the lover-beloved relationship)
சைவ சமயத்தில் மனித நேயம்: தத்துவ மற்றும் சமூகவியல் பின்புலங்கள் குறித்த ஓர் ஆய்வு
Saivism is not merely a religion based on ritualistic practices; it is a philosophy that ennobles human life. Operating on the core principle of "Anbe Sivam" (Love is God), this faith holds the practice of humanism and showing love toward all living beings as its primary tenet. This article explores the egalitarian thoughts that originate from the fundamental truths of Saiva Siddhanta—Pathi (the Lord), Pasu (the soul), and Pasam (the bond/attachment). The social reforms spearheaded by the Nayanmars during the Bhakti movement and how they created a new social structure that transcended caste and gender divisions are analyzed in detail. Specifically, the humanistic values embedded in the Thirumurai hymns of Thirunavukkarasar, Thirugnanasambanthar, Manikkavasagar, and Sundarar are discussed with relevant evidence, alongside the social significance of Maheswara Pooja (the service of offering food to devotees) and feminine perspectives. Furthermore, historical events that occurred at sacred sites like Thiruveezhimizhalai and Avinashi illustrate how Saivism concerned itself with alleviating the daily hunger and suffering of the people. The objective of this article is to compare the philosophical richness of Saivism with modern humanistic thoughts and establish its universal nature.
அண்டனூர் சுராவின் சிறுகதைகளில் இளையோர் வாழ்வில் இணையத்தின் தேவையும் பாதிப்பும்: ஓர் விரிவான சமூக-இலக்கிய ஆய்வு
In the global technological revolution of the twenty-first century, the internet has become an inseparable part of human existence. It dominates the knowledge-seeking, social interaction, and entertainment aspects of the younger generation in particular. This article comprehensively examines the benefits and drawbacks of the internet on the lives of youth, children, and young women, focusing on Andanur Sura’s short story collections: Sevvegap Panthu (Rectangular Ball), Thodarbu Ellaikku Ulle (Within Range), and Vidarku. The article expands upon historical contexts, including the origins of the internet, its global growth, the contributions of Charles Kao and George Hockham, and the contributions of Singapore-based Na. Govindasamy to the Tamil internet. Furthermore, the article incorporates statistical data regarding the addiction to online gaming prevalent in contemporary Tamil Nadu, cybercrimes against women, and the provisions of the Online Gaming Regulation Act introduced by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The primary objective of this article is to meticulously explain how literature reflects the challenges of modern technology and the psychological and social changes it triggers in the lives of the youth.
Tamil is considered one of the classical languages in the world. Sangam literature is a testament to the classical nature of the Tamil language. It is a treasure trove and a film studio that portrays the lives of Tamils. The people of the Sangam period have understood and experienced love and heroic life well and have adopted a life style. Life is for living. Just living life is not enough. They have understood the morals in life well and given importance to morality and have led their lives effectively. This article is structured as a study on the origin of marriage, the reasons for the emergence of the marriage system, the love life of the hero and heroine in the epics, family happiness, and the good practices of not doing harm.
எட்டுத்தொகை செய்யுள்களில் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்
This study provides a detailed exploration of the ethics, culture, and social values embedded within the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies), which serves as a treasury of ancient Tamils' way of life. Composed during the Sangam period (300 BCE to 300 CE), these poems stand as hallmarks of an advanced civilization. Specifically, this article analyzes values such as viewing agriculture as the axis of life, pursuing social progress through perseverance (Aalvinai Udaimai), and upholding philanthropy (Eegai)—the eradication of poverty—as the supreme virtue. With a research scope consisting of 37 selected songs from the Ettuthogai, the study explains how these ancient life principles serve as a guide for the modern era. By highlighting the ancient Tamils' universal humanitarian philosophy of "To us all towns are one, all men our kin," alongside themes of farmer protection, gratitude, and the dignity of friendship, this research presents Sangam literature as a mirror of its time.
திருத்தொண்டர் புராணத்தில் பக்தியும் அருளும்
Mount Kailash, the abode of Shiva, who is beyond comprehension and attainment by the world, is the embodiment of His immense, selfless grace towards all living beings, acquiring divine grace. It shines with the glory of being the seat of the Lord with the Goddess, and it is of pure white hue. Upamanyu Muni meditated upon Lord Shiva, the Consort crowned with the evening crescent. As he clarified to the sages that Vantondar Perunthagai Sundaramurthy Nayanar, who appeared in South India by the grace of God, was ascending to Mount Kailash, both hands of Upamanyu Muni rose above his head.This article aims to explore in detail how the 63 Nayanmars, through various paths, manifested the birthless Lord Shiva, what the special qualities of the devotees are, and what kind of principles they followed.
திணைக்கோட்பாட்டு நோக்கில் சக்தி ஜோதியின் “நிலம் புகும் சொற்கள்” கவிதைத் தொகுப்பு - ஓர் மீளாய்வு
Sakthi Jothi’s poetry collection “Nilam Pugum Sorkal” offers a powerful reimagining of the Sangam literary Thinai tradition within a contemporary poetic framework. The classical Thinai concept, which expresses human emotions through the relationship between land and time, becomes a renewed artistic tool in her work. By continuing this ancient methodology, the modern Tamil woman poet binds the Thinai structure with the lived experiences of the female body, mind, and society, giving her poems a distinctive and relevant literary identity. The five landscape based emotions Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Paalai transform in her poetry into expressions of love, resistance, loneliness, sorrow, and the search for freedom, thereby functioning as powerful feminist voices. Through this transformation, natural imagery such as seasons, trees, time, and other Sangam literary symbols resonate with her personal experiences, creating a layered poetic effect. While the Sangam era Thinai dealt with land, time, and human emotions through nature’s reflection, Sakthi Jothi reinterprets these same elements by linking them to the psychological and social realities of women. Thus, each Thinai becomes a symbolic representation of feminist emotions like love, separation, waiting, opposition, and liberation. Natural symbols like rain, earth, trees, and night deepen the representation of feminine uniqueness. By embracing and simultaneously transcending the Sangam tradition, her poetry forges a new literary pathway for the modern female voice, expanding the potential of the Thinai framework from a feminist perspective.
நிலையான வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகளை (SDGs) முன்னேற்றுவதில் வேதாத்திரியக் கொள்கைகள் மற்றும் எளிய முறை குண்டலினி யோகா பயிற்சிகளை ஒருங்கிணைத்தல் பற்றிய ஓர் பகுப்பு ஆய்வு
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), announced by the United Nations in 2015, aim to achieve global poverty eradication, health, equality, environmental protection, and peace by 2030. However, progress is slow due to factors such as COVID-19, wars, economic crises, and investment shortfalls; many goals are currently off track. This study explores ways to accelerate progress towards the SDGs by integrating them with the Vethathirian principles (14 fundamental principles) developed by Reverend Vethathiri Maharishi and the Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY) practices propagated by the World Community Service Centre (WCSC). This analysis examines how the WCSC's objective of achieving world peace through individual peace via its simplified yoga practices, such as manavalakkalai yoga (Personality development yoga) and meditation, aligns with the integrated approach of the SDGs. Vethathiri's 14 principles (including a world without war, economic justice, respect for women, and common access to food and water) directly align with SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 16 (Peace). SKY practices such as physical exercises, Kayakalpa (Rejuvenation technique) and meditation offer empirically proven benefits in stress reduction, physical health, emotional balance, and spiritual development, which are relevant to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 4 (Quality Education). This integration provides an approach that fosters social and global transformation based on individual change. WCSC programs such as village service projects, women's empowerment, and environmental awareness initiatives implement this. This study emphasizes recommendations for accelerating the SDGs using Vethathiriyam and SKY practices and highlights future research needs.
மகாகவி பாரதியார் கவிதைகளில் பெண் தெய்வ வழிபாடும் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகளும்: ஓர் ஆய்வு
Mahakavi Subramania Bharathiar was not only the pioneer of the 20th-century Tamil literary renaissance but also a profound social reformer and feminist thinker. This article provides a detailed analysis of the methods of Goddess worship featured in Bharathiar's poems and the underlying feminist and social perspectives. Specifically, the songs composed during Bharathiar’s period of residence in Kadayam (1918-1920) regarding Goddesses Bhadrakali, Kalyani, and Muthumari are taken as the primary subjects of study. Bharathi perceived woman as the manifestation of the Divine (Shakti); his proclamation, "Shakti is everywhere you look," reveals his unique vision of viewing universal energy as feminine power. This article explains, based on data, how Bharathi’s worship of female deities was not merely ritualistic but served as a tool for the abolition of caste and the liberation of women. Furthermore, it elaborates on the philosophical connections between his concept of the 'Modern Woman' (Pudhumai Penn) and the worship of Adi Shakti, as well as the spiritual transformation he underwent following his meeting with Sister Nivedita.
தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் பொதிந்துள்ள அறிவியல் சிந்தனைகள்: ஓர் ஆழமான பன்முக ஆய்வு
Ancient Tamil literatures are not merely creative works of imaginative elegance and linguistic beauty; they are repositories of knowledge that proclaim the profound scientific expertise of the Tamils of that era. This study explores in detail how, over two thousand years ago, Tamils possessed an understanding of biological evolution, astrophysics, geological techniques, advanced medicine, and metallurgical technology that parallels contemporary scientific laws. Specifically, Tolkappiyar’s classification of living beings serves as a precursor to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The Five Elements Theory (Aimperumbhutam) explains the origin of the universe through atomism. Furthermore, evidence unearthed from archaeological sites such as Keezhadi and Adichanallur substantiates the technological excellence described in literature. By integrating literary evidence with archaeological data, this article establishes the ancient scientific tradition of Tamils within a global context.
அளம் நாவல் சுட்டும் சமூக கட்டமைப்பில் பெண்ணின் நிலை
Feminism emerged as a philosophy to establish the rights of women, who hold as much significance in society as men. It is a movement that seeks to understand and resolve the various challenges faced by women. In a patriarchal society, women are often pressured to live in dependency on men. The novel Alam highlights how a woman’s life is severely impacted in the absence of a husband. The story portrays the character Sundarambal, who leads her family independently despite being a widow. She sustains her livelihood by gathering natural forest produce for food and for sale. Furthermore, she takes full responsibility for her family—working in the salt pans (Uppalli and Alam) and arranging the marriages of her daughters. Her daughters—Vadivambal, Rasambal, and Anjambal—also strive to earn a living through their own labor in their father's absence. The novel underscores their tireless work, self-confidence, and resilience. The primary objective of this article is to analyze the feminist concepts embedded within Su. Tamilselvi’s novel, Alam.
பெண்களின் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட முன்னேற்றம்: மாற்றம் குறித்த சட்ட, அரசியல் மற்றும் சமூக-உளவியல் காரணிகளின் மதிப்பீடு
This study analyzes the changes in the social status of women in historical and modern dimensions. It examines how gender systems created by ancient traditions have changed over time. The place of women in aspects such as family structure, social order, and power sharing is critically assessed. It also explains how socio-psychological factors affect the quality of life of women. The impact of educational expansion and urbanization on women's progress is examined. Economic self-sufficiency and entrepreneurial opportunities are linked to social change. The role of women in political representation and policy formulation is examined. The effects of legal protection and human rights implementation are assessed. It also explains how the development of social media and information exchange strengthen women's voices. Attitudes created by cultural traditions and religious foundations are examined. The concepts of gender identity, social justice, and rights politics are discussed. The changes in rural-urban differences in women's livelihoods are indicated. An analysis of health access, nutritional status, and the security environment is provided. The contribution of social cooperation and voluntary organizations is explained. The attitudes and self-fulfillment goals of the new generation of women are assessed. The new opportunities opened up by information technology are mentioned. Gender equality is emphasized as the foundation of development. Alternative educational methods that can create change are recommended. It is also confirmed that social restructuring and sustainable progress are possible only with the full participation of women. Overall, the study emphasizes the social advancement of women as a central component of human progress.
Proverbs are concise precepts that encapsulate the long-term experience, beliefs, culture, and values of a society. They are not merely words but a mirror reflecting the lifestyle of the Tamils. Proverbs found in ancient languages with rich literary heritage clearly demonstrate the cultural advancement of those languages. The objective of this paper is to analyze the unique characteristics of proverbs that serve as aids in conveying specific ideas within a social context. Furthermore, this article explains how proverbs function as a tool for transmitting life values to the next generation. This research also presents evidence-based insights into the evolution of proverbs from Sangam literature to contemporary folk literature, as well as their enduring influence among the common people. Specifically, this study establishes that the role of proverbs is indispensable in imparting social control and moral ethics.
Literary works serve to weigh the events of life found in today's ethical society, explaining both their gentleness and their harshness. It is natural for society to be the core theme of a creator's literary works. Social consciousness is what unites human life with other living beings, soul to soul. This social consciousness emphasizes the essential need for people to connect with one another and serves as the foundation of birth and the reason for its growth. Author Solai Sundaraperumal made the lifestyle of the people living in the Thanjavur region known to the world through his works. His novel Marakkal centers on the events that occur when a man born into a lower caste desires to enter a temple and worship the deity revered by those in the higher castes. This study extensively examines the caste differentiation, divine discrimination, enslavement of people, and the cruelty of untouchability described in the novel from sociological and literary perspectives. Furthermore, this article provides a nuanced analysis of the struggle between the decline of the land-owning society and the transitions of the modern era.
திருநங்கையர்களின் வாழ்வியல் முறைகள்: ஒரு பண்பாட்டு, சமூகவியல் மற்றும் சட்ட ரீதியிலான விரிவான ஆய்வு
It is a profound scientific and natural truth that the Earth encompasses all living beings ranging from those with a single sense to those with six senses. All living beings, from one-sense to six-sense organisms, engage in reproduction to propagate their species. In one-sense organisms, flowering plants and creepers are classified as female, while those that do not flower are classified as male. This is the method by which all living beings are divided, and this division occurs among humans as well. However, apart from male and female, third-gender individuals also live and grow among us in this society. Those who are born as male and, at a certain stage, visualize themselves as female and transition completely into women are these third-gender individuals. Living in a society where they often cannot declare themselves solely as male or female, they are currently referred to as 'Thirunangai' (transgender) and are gaining a degree of social acceptance. The primary objective of this study is to examine the rituals followed by such transgender persons, their social structure, historical background, and contemporary legal rights.
“உரிமைக்காக எழுந்த வீரப் போர்” – வேள்பாரி புதினம்
The war in the novel Velpari is not an ordinary political conflict, but a heroic struggle to uphold rights. Velpari, the king of Parambu, did not bow down to the power and desire for domination of the three chieftains, but rose to protect his land and people. The central idea of the novel is that this war was not for personal glory; it was for social self-respect, land rights, and ethnic identity. In this novel, rights are not only about land; they are a collection of natural resources, ethnic group independence, tradition, and cultural identity. Velpari fought not to expand his rule; it was to prevent the invasion of others and to protect the right to life of his people. Thus, the war reaches the level of a moral war. Humanity with heroism enhances the excellence of war in this novel. Velpari's firm stance reveals that mental courage is more important than physical strength. Therefore, the heroic battle for rights is not just a historical event, but it emerges in the novel Velpari as a literary form of the lofty life struggle in which man rises to defend his identity and self-respect.
சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் வாழ்க்கை வட்டச் சடங்குகள்
Rituals originated from the continuous practice of our ancestors' worship-related activities since ancient times. Beyond rituals associated with deity worship, various ceremonies have been created to mark different stages of human growth, transitions—including fertility rituals—and death. In the life shared by a man and a woman, marriage and its accompanying rituals hold a unique place. In the primitive state, the union of male and female was driven by sexual instinct; however, through the process of social evolution, this union evolved into the institutions of marriage, family, children, and lineage. Over time, specific rituals were developed to formalize these unions. This article explains the various rituals performed by people, ranging from naming a newborn child and honoring ancestors to celebrating birth, as well as the rites performed during death and those intended for the soul's salvation.
பாரம்பரிய கல்வியில் குரு–சிஷ்ய உறவு மற்றும் கற்பித்தல் தந்திரங்கள்: குருவின் பண்புகள், சிஷ்ய லட்சணங்கள் மற்றும் சமகால ஆய்வு
This study explores the Guru–Shishya relationship and teaching techniques in traditional education, focusing on the characteristics and responsibilities of the Guru and the traits of the student (Shishya). The research highlights the pedagogical methods employed by Gurus, including direct instruction, experiential learning, art-based guidance (with a focus on Bharatanatyam), Socratic questioning, and individualized mentorship. The study further examines the socio-cultural dimensions of this relationship, emphasizing how the Guru’s guidance influences the intellectual, ethical, spiritual, and artistic development of the student. Drawing on classical texts, Bharatanatyam educational treatises, and contemporary educational research, the study illustrates the enduring relevance of the Guru–Shishya tradition in fostering holistic development and preserving cultural heritage. Overall, this research demonstrates that the Guru–Shishya relationship serves as a foundational pedagogical model, integrating knowledge transmission, moral and ethical guidance, cultural continuity, and student development within a social and educational context.