Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies
Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN: 3049-0723 Online is a pioneering multidisciplinary Multilingual online journal dedicated to the rich and varied field of Tamil studies. Published monthly from India, this journal serves as an essential platform for researchers, academics, and students eager to share their insights, research findings, and innovative ideas in the realms of Tamil language, literature, culture, history, and more. In an era where academic discourse is becoming increasingly digital and accessible, Tamilmanam stands out as a beacon for those seeking to contribute to and engage with the Tamil intellectual community worldwide. Name of Journal : Tamilmanam International Research Journal of Tamil Studies Variant Title (In Regional) தமிழ்மணம் சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ் Journal Abbreviation: Tamilmanam IRJTS Journal Category : Multidisciplinary Year of Journal Started : 2024 Publishing frequency: Monthly Publication Format : Online Mode Publication language: Multi Language Tamil (தமிழ்) & English Publisher : Department of Library Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Publisher Address: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College/@10.6636515,76.9942182,17z/data=!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!2sNallamuthu+Gounder+Mahalingam+College!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk!3m5!1s0x3ba838331c739ae9:0xe3dc6665316c5869!8m2!3d10.6636515!4d76.9967931!16s%2Fg%2F11gbldrzfk?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001 Publication Guidelines : Follow the author's guidelines Editor in Chief: Dr. B. Aruljothi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET Profile Review Process : Open Peer Review Method Acceptance Period : Based on review 1 to 2 weeks.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College Autonomous - Pollachi 642001 Tamilnadu, INDIA e-Mail : ngm@ngmc.org
Our journal adopts CC BY License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://Creativecommons.org//license/by/4.0/ . It allows using, reusing, distributing and reproducing of the original work with proper citation.
காலந்தோறும் தமிழ்க் கவிதைகள்: மரபிலிருந்து நவீனத்திற்குத் தொடரும் பரிணாமப் பயணமும் இலக்கிய இயக்கங்களின் பங்களிப்பும்
In the history of Tamil literature, poetry is more than just a collection of words; it is a cultural identity of a society, a political tool, and a subtle expression of human emotions. With a continuous history spanning over two thousand years, the Tamil poetic tradition has undergone various transformations—from the grammatical rules of Yappu (prosody) in the era of Tolkappiyam to the liberated "New Poetry" (Pudukkavithai) of today. This research paper explores in detail how the Akavarpa and Kalippa traditions of Sangam literature flourished, and the shifts brought about in poetic forms by medieval Bhakti literature and epics. Specifically, it deeply analyzes the revolution of prose-poetry (Vasana Kavithai) initiated by Bharathiyar in the 20th century, followed by the formal and thematic contributions made to modern poetry by literary movements such as Manikkodi, Ezhuthu, and Vanambadi. Furthermore, it describes how Japanese poetic forms like Haiku, Senryu, and Tanka took root in the Tamil literary landscape and explains their technical structures. This study also examines how contemporary Tamil poetry aligns with global literary trends and provides a visionary perspective on future poetic forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் மகாபாரதத் தாக்கங்கள்: ஒரு விரிவான வரலாற்று மற்றும் இலக்கிய ஆய்வு
The two epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, have exerted a profound influence on the cultural and literary history of the Indian subcontinent. In particular, the impact of Mahabharata narratives is prevalent across all Indian regional languages. This research article provides a detailed analysis of how these epic stories were integrated into Sangam Literature (Ettuthokai and Pattupattu), the most ancient classical literary collection of the Tamil language. The Tamils of the Sangam era did not view the Mahabharata stories merely as mythologies; instead, they utilized them as metaphors and life principles to explain Aram (righteousness), Maram (valor), Kodai (charity), and social values. This study offers meticulous insights into the references to Mahabharata characters, events, and the manner in which they were "Tamilized" within texts such as Kalithokai, Purananuru, Akananuru, Pathitrupathu, and the Aatruppadai books of Pattupattu. Furthermore, this paper discusses: The Methodology employed by Sangam poets, who often referred to Mahabharata characters by their attributes or group names rather than their proper names. The cultural impact of the epics on Tamil society. The history of the Mahabharata being translated into/adapted for Tamil as evidenced by the Chinnamanur Copper Plates. Based on literary evidence and historical proofs, this article establishes the deep cultural connection between Sangam-era Tamil Nadu and Northern Indian epic traditions.
மருத்துவப் பிரதிநிதி ஜாதக அமைப்புகள் மற்றும் தொழில்முறை வெற்றி: ஒரு விரிவான ஜோதிட ஆய்வு
In the modern global economy, the pharmaceutical industry has emerged as an indispensable force. Medical Representatives, who serve as the backbone of this sector, act as an information bridge between pharmaceutical manufacturing companies and medical professionals. Success in this profession depends on an individual's communication skills, scientific knowledge, and the mental fortitude to face challenges. This research paper provides a detailed astrological analysis of how planetary positions and house connections (Bhavas) in an individual's horoscope transform them into a successful Medical Representative. Specifically, it analyzes the contributions of five planets—Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, the Sun, and Saturn—along with the significance of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 10th, and 11th houses. Through the nine fundamental rules and case studies presented in this study, the astrological elements necessary for an individual to choose this field and achieve sustained success are validated. Furthermore, this research explains how Dasha-Bhukti periods and planetary transits determine a representative's sales targets and professional growth.
புலம்பெயர்ந்த குடிமக்களின் ஜாதகப் பகுப்பாய்வு: ஒரு விரிவான ஜோதிட ஆய்வு
In today’s modern era of globalization, the migration of people from one country to another in search of livelihood, higher education, and an improved standard of living has emerged as an inevitable social transformation. Such displacements are not merely geographical shifts; they create profound changes in an individual's psychological, cultural, and economic dimensions. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the horoscopic patterns of immigrated citizens based on Vedic Astrological principles. Specifically, this study focuses on the planetary positions, house connections (Bhava associations), and Dasha-Bhukti periods necessary for traveling abroad and achieving permanent settlement. The possibilities of migration are predicted based on the dominance of Rahu, the Moon, and Saturn, as well as the strength of the 4th, 7th, 9th, and 12th houses. Furthermore, detailed explanations are provided through case studies on how the rules mentioned in ancient astrological texts, such as Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra and Phaladeepika, apply to the contemporary context. Finally, this study proposes astrological solutions for managing the cultural and psychological challenges faced by migrants in their lives.
புறப்பாடல்களில் சங்கப் பெண் கவிஞர்களின் குரல்கள்: சமூக-அரசியல் மற்றும் பெண்ணியக் கண்ணோட்டம் ஓர் விரிவான ஆய்வு
Sangam literature serves as a treasure trove that proclaims the lifestyle, valor, and righteousness of the ancient Tamils. In particular, Puram (exterior/socio-political) poetry, including the Purananuru, holds a primary position in constructing the political hegemony, martial traditions, and values of Sangam-era society. Although there is a prevailing perception that Puram poems generally sing of men's valor, the voices of the female poets echoing within them are highly powerful and unique.1 Over 26 female poets who lived during the Sangam period, including Avvaiyar, Okkur Masathiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar Nachellaiyar, did not merely sing about Aham (inner/domestic) life such as family and love; they courageously recorded political hegemony, social justice, martial ethics, and the psychology of the 'heroic mother'.3 This article extensively explores how the female body and emotions were politicized during the historical context in which Sangam society transitioned from a tribal state to a monarchical system. It also analyzes how the ideological construct of 'Heroic Motherhood' was utilized to shape the personalities required for the territorial expansion of kings.1 Furthermore, by integrating other historical evidence, this article presents a comprehensive feminist perspective on the political acumen of female poets, the diplomatic missions they undertook, and the social contradictions revealed through poetic themes (thurais) such as Magatparkanchi.7.
ப்ளூமின் திருத்தப்பட்ட வகைப்பாட்டியலை விளைவு சார்ந்த கல்வியில் பயன்படுத்துதல்: அளவிடத்தக்க கற்றல் விளைவுகள் மற்றும் மதிப்பீடுகளை வடிவமைப்பதற்கான ஒரு கட்டமைப்பு
Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has emerged as a primary paradigm in modern curriculum design. It shifts the focus from teaching inputs toward the demonstrable achievements of students. A key challenge in the OBE process is formulating clear, observable, and cognitively appropriate learning outcomes. Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001) provides a hierarchical framework consisting of six cognitive levels: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create. Specific action verbs are associated with each level to help write measurable learning objectives. This conceptual article summarizes the structure of the Revised Taxonomy and compares it with the original version. Furthermore, it proposes a plan for systematically integrating this taxonomy into OBE frameworks. The article discusses how this taxonomy assists in aligning course outcomes, instructional strategies, and assessments; fostering higher-order thinking skills; and facilitating continuous improvement and accreditation. Practical examples for all cognitive levels are provided, and the implications for competency-based and institutional training are explored. The article concludes that Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, when applied rigorously, transforms outcome statements from vague intentions into precise, assessable performance indicators, thereby strengthening the validity and reliability of measuring outcome attainment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. P. Jayachandran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
தொண்டை மண்டலத் தலபுராணங்கள்: இலக்கியம், வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாட்டுப் பரிமாணங்கள் - ஓர் ஆய்வு
Tondai Mandalam, also known as Tondai Nadu, serves as a pivotal center for spiritual, political, and literary development in South Indian history. Spanning from Vengadam (Tirupati) in the north to the Pennai River in the south, this region attained artistic and cultural excellence across various eras under the rule of the Pallavas, Cholas, the Vijayanagara Empire, and the Nayaka kings. This article focuses on the ‘Sthala Puranas’ (temple chronicles/legendary histories), which detail the history of the sacred sites located within this region, as its primary research subject. Specifically, this study establishes that these Puranic literatures—which flourished from the 12th to the 19th century—are not merely temple myths but serve as vital records of contemporary social history, administrative divisions (24 Kottams), architecture, and religious philosophies (Saiva Siddhanta and Vaishnava Prapatti). It discusses in detail how literary works such as the Kanchi Puranam, Thirukalathi Puranam, Attigiri Mahatmyam, and Kolasala Sthala Puranam align with the hymns of the Nayanmars and Alwars to authenticate the antiquity of a site. Furthermore, the spiritual eminence of Tondai Mandalam is thoroughly examined, including the historical significance of the 24 Kottams, the 32 Paadal Petra Sthalam (Shiva temples praised in hymns), and the list of 22 Vaishnava Divya Desams.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Naveen Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
வாய்மைநாதனின் “நாலி” புதினத்தில் பெண்ணியம்
This research paper focuses on Vaimainathan's novel 'Naali', analyzing Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice from a socio-literary perspective within the context of contemporary Tamil literature. The study explains how the coastal landscape and the female body are subjected to "double oppression" by the globalized shrimp farming industry. The novel’s primary characters, Maniyamma and Kannamma, are portrayed as different faces of the struggle against power centers and environmental exploitation. By integrating the Sangam-era Thinai theory with modern ecological concepts, this study argues how Naali serves as a 'Gaia Care Narrative' against the commercialization of the so-called 'Dollar Beast' (shrimp). Furthermore, this report presents data regarding groundwater salinization, the destruction of mangroves, and the health impacts on female laborers caused by shrimp farms.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. Sathiyasundari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
விவசாயக் கல்வியின் முன்னோடி: ஜான் ஜேம்ஸ் தெவலாய்ஸ்
This article explores the life and pioneering contributions of John James De Valois, a visionary "Agricultural Missionary" who dedicated 40 years of his life to India under the American Arcot Mission. Born in Iowa, USA, in 1892 to a family of farmers, De Valois combined his deep-rooted Christian faith with professional expertise in agriculture, earning a degree from Iowa State University. He famously described himself not just as a preacher, but as a "Doctor of Soil" and a "Preacher of Better Agriculture". Upon arriving in India in 1920, De Valois faced significant challenges, including a loss of government matching grants and the need to adapt modern Western farming techniques to the local Indian landscape. Despite these hurdles, he established a massive 330-acre agricultural farm in Katpadi, Tamil Nadu. His work revolutionized rural development through the introduction of high-yield livestock (such as Rhode Island Red chickens), advanced irrigation, and the establishment of a "Summer School of Agriculture". De Valois’s educational philosophy integrated academic learning with practical field experience, transforming students into "child workers" rather than laborers, with the goal of creating future leaders for the community and church. His immense contributions to Indian agriculture and rural upliftment were recognized by the Indian government; he was awarded the "Grama Seva Shiromani" gold medal by Chief Minister K. Kamaraj and honored by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. His legacy continues through the institutions named after him and his wife, Henriette, in the Vellore Diocese.
Katpadi Agricultural Farm, Doctor of Soil
Copyright (c) 2026 P. Sangeetharaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
மலையகத் தமிழர்களின் புலப்பெயர்வு: ‘கண்டிச்சீமை’ ஆவண நாவலினூடான பார்வை
This text outlines the historical trajectory of Tamil migration, with a specific emphasis on the labor-driven diaspora to the Sri Lankan hill country (Malaiyaham) during the colonial era. While Tamil migration is historically categorized into three distinct stages—the Sangam, Chola, and Colonial periods—the relocation of Indian-origin Tamils to the Kandy tea estates represents the first major Tamil migration of the modern era. The text explores how this diasporic experience has been chronicled in Tamil literature, evolving from early folk traditions to a distinct regional genre by the 1970s. Crucially, it identifies a notable gap in traditional Malaiyaha literature: while most writers focus predominantly on the miseries of plantation life, they often neglect the grueling pre-migration experience. To address this, the text highlights Matale Somu’s novel Kandiseemai as a seminal work. Unlike his predecessors, Somu captures the comprehensive historical continuity of this migration. Relying on documentary evidence, the novel details the famine-induced displacement in Tamil Nadu, the deception of overseers (Kanganis), the perilous journey to Rameswaram, the tragic sea voyage, and the arduous trek to the plantations. Ultimately, the text positions the Malaiyaha Tamil diaspora as a profound labor migration, uniquely and thoroughly memorialized in Somu's fiction.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Christopher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சங்கஇலக்கியங்கள் சுட்டும் திருமணச் சடங்குகள்
Life in wedlock (Karpu) is the natural progression of a clandestine relationship (Kalavu). A secret love affair does not attain excellence unless it culminates in a formal marriage. Therefore, Tamil scholars emphasized the importance of the marriage ceremony. The concept of "chastity" (Karpu) as defined within the context of a clandestine relationship refers to the collective group of four great feminine virtues: Achcham (fear/shyness), Madam (innocence/simplicity), Naanam (modesty), and Payirppu (aversion to the unfamiliar). However, the "Karpu" mentioned in the grammar of marital life (Karpiyal) is different.The former is an innate quality that appears naturally in women; it is an attribute shared by the heroine, her friend (Thozhi), the foster mother (Sevili), and the biological mother (Nattray). The latter is not a mere personality trait, but a formal event conducted by elders for the couple. This is explained by the grammatical verse: "Karpu is defined as the act of a groom, eligible by tradition, accepting a bride through formal rituals (Karanam) when given away by those authorized to do so." From this, we can understand that in this context, Karpu is not cited as an internal quality but as a formal union. It further clarifies that while the "faultless vision of Karpu" mentioned in secret love (Kalavu) refers to a character trait, in this context, it refers specifically to the ceremonial event of marriage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. R. Babithra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research article, titled "The Lifestyle of Devarayaneri Narikuravars," explores the socio-cultural and economic conditions of the Narikuravar community residing in the Devarayaneri colony near Tiruchirappalli. Despite the advancements of modern civilization, this community maintains unique traditional practices while gradually adapting to new social norms. The study examines various aspects of their daily lives, including their primary occupations—hunting and honey collection for men, and bead-making and selling for women. It details their dietary habits, distinctive traditional attire, and the transition from nomadic tents to government-provided housing facilities equipped with electricity and water. Furthermore, the paper analyzes their family structures, the status of women and children, educational challenges, and their unique "life cycle" governed by seasonal migrations to temple festivals for trade. The research concludes that while the community remains educationally and economically underdeveloped, government interventions and internal social shifts are slowly influencing their traditional way of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. S. Punitha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decoding Visual Narratives: Critical Discourse Analysis of Meaning Construction in Modern Films
This study examined how visual narratives constructed meaning in modern films through the application of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Contemporary cinema had increasingly relied on visual storytelling techniques such as imagery, symbolism, camera movement, lighting, and colour composition to communicate complex social, cultural, and ideological messages. The research aimed to decode these visual elements and investigate how they contributed to meaning-making within cinematic narratives. A qualitative research design was adopted, and selected modern films released between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed as primary data sources. Key scenes, visual compositions, and narrative structures were examined to identify patterns of representation, discourse, and ideological framing embedded within the films. The analytical framework combined visual semiotics and Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how power relations, gender representations, cultural ideologies, and social identities were constructed and communicated through cinematic visuals. The findings revealed that visual narratives functioned as powerful communicative tools that subtly shaped audience perception and interpretation. Symbolic imagery, framing techniques, and mise-en-scène played a significant role in reinforcing dominant social narratives while simultaneously allowing space for alternative interpretations. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that modern filmmakers strategically employed visual language to influence emotional engagement and ideological understanding among viewers. The research concluded that critical examination of visual narratives enhanced media literacy and enabled audiences to recognize the underlying discourse embedded within films. By integrating film studies, visual culture, and discourse analysis, the study contributed to a deeper understanding of how cinematic texts operated as cultural artifacts that reflected and constructed contemporary social realities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priya Palanimurugan, Mr. Sheldon Mark Jarett (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
இந்திரா பார்த்தசாரதி சிறுகதைகளில் சமுதாய நிலைகள்: ஓர் விரிவான சமூகவியல் மற்றும் உளவியல் ஆய்வு
Society is a complex collective way of life in which human beings live together. A group of other sentient beings or inanimate objects cannot be considered a "society." The term "society" is inextricably linked with the human race, which possesses the sixth sense. The short stories of Indira Parthasarathy portray the integrated structure of social customs, traditions, methods of operation, power dynamics, and mutual cooperation. The primary objective of this article is to analyze the conflicts arising within family relationships and the subtle emotions of the human minds facing them, comparing them with the real-life events found in Indira Parthasarathy's short stories. Specifically, his works center on elements such as the mental confusion of the middle class, relational deviations, frustration, death, failure, loneliness, and mental stress. This article logically examines the contradictions existing between the individual and society, particularly through the lens of urban intellectuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 S.T. Vadivukkarasi, Dr. G. Suresh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
இடைக்கால தொல்காப்பிய உரைகளின் மெய்யியல் போக்கு
The medieval commentaries on Tolkāppiyam are connected to the philosophical ideas of that time. The commentators’ religious beliefs influenced their explanations, and they shaped the Tolkāppiyam tradition according to their own views. During this period, social and historical reasons led people to build a religious Tamil identity, and this created discussions to reclaim ancient Tamil tradition. The explanations given by the commentators also come from this same background. Based on this, the article studies how medieval commentaries on Tolkāppiyam are related to the philosophical trends of that time. Specifically, the paper analyzes key commentary texts to demonstrate how fundamental linguistic and grammatical rules were actively reinterpreted through theological lenses. By examining these interpretative shifts, the study highlights the transformation of Tolkāppiyam from a secular grammatical treatise into a vital instrument for medieval religious discourse, ultimately offering deeper insights into the intellectual and cultural evolution of the Tamil literary tradition.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Jagadeesan, Dr. K. Jawahar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
கொங்கு மண்டலத்தின் சமூக-சட்டக் கட்டமைப்புகள் மற்றும் காவல் துறை விசாரணை முறைகள்: இரா. முருகவேளின் 'செம்புலம்' நாவலை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ஓர் ஆய்வு
This article explores the police investigation methods, legal procedures, and the socio-economic complexities prevalent in the western districts of Tamil Nadu as depicted in the novel Sembulam, written by lawyer and author R. Murugavel. From a socio-legal perspective, this paper analyzes the investigation following a mysterious death, the legal nuances involved (CrPC 174,176 and IPC 304,304A), and how police slang such as "Visiting Card" and "Puncture" are fictionalized within the narrative. Furthermore, the study compares the novel's data with real-world issues in the Kongu region, including the "Camp Coolie" system in the garment industry, the dominance of caste associations, and the social psychology behind honor killings. The primary objective of this article is to examine how the novel highlights the gap between the law in the books and the law in practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Sheeladevi, Dr. C. Jegadeesan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
கார்ல் க்ரவுலின் அறியப்படாத திருக்குறள் தமிழ் உரை
When analyzing the history of Tamil literature and publication, the 19th century stands out as a highly significant era. Following the arrival of the printing press, this became a golden age where many Tamil works, previously confined to palm-leaf manuscripts, began to be published. During this period, while local Tamil enthusiasts published numerous works, European Christian missionaries—drawn by the beauty of the Tamil language—also played a major role. Although their primary objective in coming to Tamil Nadu was the propagation of their religion, their passion for Tamil literature led them to introduce these works to the world. In this literary journey, the Thirukkural, the "Universal Veda," held a preeminent position. Throughout the 19th century, new editions, commentaries, and translations of the Thirukkural continued to emerge. Many European missionaries earned distinction by translating the Thirukkural into their mother tongues. Among such scholars, Karl Graul, a German scholar, is an important figure who remains largely unknown to the world of Tamil research. Karl Graul translated and published the Thirukkural in two languages: German and Latin. Prior to Graul's translation, in 1803, August Friedrich Cammerer had translated the Thirukkural into the German "Deutsch" language titled Des Tiruvalluwer Gedichte Und Denkspruche. Thirukkural With German Translation, Leipzig 1803 (Thirukkural Translations in World Languages, p. 76). Following this, Karl Graul translated the Thirukkural from Tamil into Latin. This translation was published posthumously. After Graul’s death in 1864, his student William Germann edited and published the Latin translation manuscript, which included a Tamil commentary, titled: “Kural of Tiruvalluvar: High-Tamil text with Translation into Common Tamil and Latin, Notes and Glossary 1865.” Despite the numerous translations and editions of the Thirukkural that have been released to date, Karl Graul’s Latin translation—which includes a Tamil commentary—remains largely undiscussed. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to examine Karl Graul’s Latin edition of the Thirukkural and the nature of the Tamil commentary contained within that edition..
Copyright (c) 2026 G. Surya, Dr. B. Jaiganesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
வட இலங்கைத் தமிழர்களின் பாரம்பரிய விளையாட்டுகளில் மாட்டுவண்டிச் சவாரி – ஓர்ஆய்வு
Heritage is an invaluable asset that identifies the unique identity of every ethnic group. It acts as a dialogue between people of the past and the present, helping to determine and guide the future. While diverse ethnic groups exist globally, the heritage aspects of Tamils remain distinct. Among them, Bullock Cart Racing holds significant importance as a traditional sport closely linked to the rural lifestyle and social traditions of Northern Sri Lankan Tamils. Initially, bullock carts were utilized for daily transportation and agricultural activities; however, over time, they evolved into a rural sport integrated with village festivals and celebrations. This sport is regarded as a cultural event that manifests heroism, a competitive spirit, and social unity. The objective of this study is to examine the historical development, socio-cultural significance, and contemporary status of bullock cart racing as one of the traditional sports of Northern Sri Lankan Tamils. The hypothesis posits that bullock cart racing serves as a vital traditional sport reflecting the rural cultural identity and social cohesion of the Northern Sri Lankan Tamil community. Primary and secondary data were utilized for this research. Primary data were collected through field observations and interviews with relevant individuals. This historical and descriptive study also incorporates secondary data such as literature and research articles in both Tamil and English. In conclusion, while bullock cart racing is deeply intertwined with the rural culture and traditional lifestyle of Northern Sri Lankan Tamils, it is noteworthy that modernization and social shifts are bringing significant changes to its practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niththiyanantham Thiruchselvam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
அகத்தியர் 12000 மற்றும் இதர வரலாற்றுச் சான்றுகளின் அடிப்படையில் சித்தர் போகநாதரின் வாழ்வியலும் அறிவியல் சாதனைகளும்: ஓர் விரிவான ஆய்வு
In the tradition of Tamil Siddhars, Boganathar, one of the revered Eighteen Siddhars, is considered a pioneer of spirituality, medicine, alchemy, and modern scientific technologies. Taking the historical evidences found in the monumental work 'Agathiyar 12000' as primary sources, this article extensively researches data regarding his birth, parentage, lineage of Gurus, and disciples. Specifically, this study deeply discusses the records in this text stating that Bogar belonged to the 'Vellai Maanbhar' lineage of China and that he came to Tamil Nadu as a disciple of Kalangi Nathar to learn the Siddha arts. Furthermore, Bogar’s scientific inventions—such as the Navapashanam deity (the nine-poison amalgam), the Vaan Ratham (aircraft), steamships, and optical instruments—are explained with the support of the texts 'Bogar 7000' and 'Bogar 12000'. This article also provides a comprehensive perspective on the philosophical similarities between Bogar and the Chinese sage Lao Tzu, and the transformations he brought about in China through the art of Kudu Vittu Kudu Paayum (transmigration of souls). Additionally, it analyzes how the 96 basic principles (Tattvas) of Siddha philosophy and the 8 Ragas pave the way for the elevation of human life.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Veeramanikandan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு அற இலக்கியப் பாரம்பரியத்தில் கு. கோதண்டபாணி பிள்ளையின் 'ஈரடி இருநூறு': ஓர் ஆழமான வரலாற்று, இலக்கிய மற்றும் உளவியல் ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, ethical literatures (Ara Ilakkiyam) hold a primary place in constructing social morality and life values. Following the objective heroism and subjective love of the Sangam era, the ethical works of the Post-Sangam period emerged to teach high ideals and the impermanence of human life. As a modern-era continuation of this rich ethical tradition, 'Eeradi Irunooru', composed by Ku. Kothandapani Pillai (Rao Sahib) in the 20th century, stands out as an exceptional work. Utilizing the Kural Venpa—the poetic meter of the Thirukkural—the book is categorized into three major sections: Aesthetics, Psychology, and Worldly Affairs, making it highly relevant to modern contexts. Consisting of 200 poems, this work follows the two-line couplet format of the Thirukkural to present ethics through a lens of aesthetic sensibility and realism. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the author’s multi-faceted personality, the structure of the book, and the values handled within it, such as motherhood, poetic excellence, authorship, criticism, psychology, and worship. Furthermore, it compares Kothandapani Pillai’s thoughts with the modern critical theories of scholars like A. S. Gnanasambandan and T. S. Natarajan, evaluating the contribution of this work to the 20th-century Tamil Renaissance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. R. N. Sreekala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சிறுதெய்வ வழிபாட்டின் தத்துவமும் மீவியல் நோக்கும்: ஒரு விரிவான மானிடவியல் மற்றும் சமூகவியல் ஆய்வு
Minor deity worship, deeply rooted in the cultural foundations of Tamil Nadu, exists not merely as a set of rituals but as a philosophical bedrock supporting the entire lifestyle of a community. While institutionalized "Great Tradition" (Major) deity worship operates within the framework of Vedantic and Agamic rules, minor deity worship is directly intertwined with the daily needs, fears, beliefs, and social security of the people. This study extensively explores the philosophical foundations and metaphysical dimensions of minor deity worship from an anthropological perspective. It explains, with evidence, the transitions ranging from the Hero Stone (Nadukal) tradition found in the Sangam literature Purananuru to the modern-day processes of Sanskritization and Globalization. Furthermore, it subtly examines the relationship between body, mind, and spirit, the philosophical background of metaphysical phenomena such as spirit possession (Samiyaduthal), and the role of these deities within social power structures. This research evaluates how minor deities protect the moral ethics of a society and the challenges of institutionalization they face in the modern era.
Copyright (c) 2026 T. Yogalakshmi, Dr. P. Santhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
எஸ்.ராமகிருஷ்ணன் சித்திரித்த ஆண் மாந்தர்களின் காப்பு உத்திகள்
Tamil short stories have a rich history of over a hundred years. The modern Tamil short story genre began with Va.Ve. Subramaniya Iyer. In the 1940s, there was a surge in the publication of Tamil short stories, thanks in part to the efforts of magazines and journals. In 1933, Anandha Vikatan magazine held a short story competition, which became a turning point in the evolution of the modern Tamil short story. Many new writers came forward with their stories. Tamil short stories have been used to depict the struggles and experiences of ordinary people in a realistic way. For example, writers like Puthumaipithan, La.Sa. Ramamirtham, Mauni, wrote short stories that depicted the struggles of ordinary people during the Manikodi and Ezhuthu periods. Even in the 1990s, writers like S. Ramakrishnan wrote short stories that explored the psychological experiences of ordinary people. Particularly his male characters struggle a lot to come across their inner feelings. For example, the male character in "Ilathavargal Thandha Amudham" is unable to cope with humiliation and the male character in "Pappuvin Kaalani" misses his daughter after she gets married. These characters express some weird behaviours when they are confronted with anxiety and frustration. The aim of this research paper is to find the reasons behind the weird behaviors expressed by those characters.
Copyright (c) 2026 K.Priya Maheswari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article explores the diverse systems of belief prevalent among ancient Tamils as depicted in Sangam Literature. While these early people lived in harmony with nature, their inability to fully comprehend or control natural phenomena—such as thunderstorms, earthquakes, and diseases—led to the development of specific beliefs rooted in both awe and fear. The author traces the linguistic evolution of the word "belief" from its roots in Tolkappiyam, where it initially signified "desire," to its later usage denoting "trust" or "faith". The study details various traditional practices, including Nimitham (omens), Virichi (listening for random auspicious words), and Aazhiyizhaithal (drawing circles in the sand to predict a lover's return). Furthermore, the article examines the significance of animal behaviors—specifically those of lizards and crows—and the spiritual reverence for trees. It also touches upon the ancient dread of ghosts and the interpretation of nightmares as precursors to misfortune. Ultimately, the paper argues that these beliefs were not merely superstitions but served as a social framework and a way of life that continues to influence modern Tamil culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. K. VEERATHAMILAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHOLAS ADMINISTRATIVE SIGNIFICANCE IN COIMBATORE REGION
The political and administrative history of the Kongu country (modern-day Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, and surrounding regions) occupies a unique position in Tamil history due to its geographical location between the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. This article examines the administrative significance of the Kongu Cholas from the 10th to the 13th centuries A.D., specifically focusing on the period between Vira Chola I and Vikrama Chola III. Drawing evidence from temple inscriptions and copper plates, the study details a hierarchical governance structure consisting of central, nadu (micro-region), and local divisions. While the monarchy was hereditary and exercised significant authority over land revenue and judicial matters, the administration was heavily decentralized. Vital roles were played by village assemblies (Sabhas and Urs), which functioned as "little republics" managing local justice, irrigation, and taxation. Furthermore, the article explores the specialized military organization of the region, characterized by distinct senior and junior divisions (Mutha and Ilaiya samarkkattu) and the recruitment of diverse forces like the Malayalapadai. Ultimately, the Kongu Chola government is presented as an efficient monarchy tempered by democratic local institutions that reflected the customary practices of the era.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Shakila, Dr. R. Udaiachandran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
திருக்குறளில் செவிவழி அறிவு: மூளை நரம்பியல் மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் பரிமாணங்கள் குறித்த ஓர் விரிவான ஆய்வு
This research paper presents a detailed analysis of the chapter 'Kelvi' (Listening/Auditory Knowledge - Chapter 42) from the Thirukkural, authored by Thiruvalluvar over two thousand years ago, through the lens of modern Neurobiology, Cognitive Science, and Embryology. The study compares modern medical data regarding how human learning begins in the womb between the 15th and 18th weeks of gestation, and how the fetal brain perceives the mother's heartbeat and external sounds. Specifically, this research explains—based on neural development and Neuroplasticity—why auditory knowledge is considered superior to knowledge gained through other senses. Furthermore, the neurological connection between 'food for the ear' and 'food for the stomach' is validated through the modern concept of the 'Auditory-Gut-Brain Axis'. Data from the 'Framingham Heart Study (2025)' confirms the role of auditory learning in managing age-related memory disorders such as Dementia. Finally, this report utilizes Electroencephalography (EEG) studies to establish how the sense of hearing remains functional in a dying person even after other senses have ceased to operate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Dr. M. A. Aleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In the tradition of Tamil poetry, nature serves not only as an aesthetic theme but also as a medium to express various dimensions of human life. Vairamuthu’s contribution to modern poetic trends is considered significant. In his works, nature does not stand as a mere visual recording; rather, it manifests as an expression of human emotions and a symbolic language for socio-political ideas.This article aims to examine how nature is conceptualized in Vairamuthu's poems. The central themes of this study include his method of handling natural elements, the philosophical positions underlying them, and the uniqueness of his portrayal of nature within the contemporary Tamil poetic landscape. While nature has been an integral part of poetry from the Sangam literary tradition to the modern era, Vairamuthu connects that tradition with philosophy, social criticism, and existential thought to create a new dimension. A hallmark of his poetry is the technique of treating nature not just as an external reflection of the human mind, but as a peer in dialogue.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Pradeepkumar, Dr. A. Mohanraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
சி. எம். முத்துவின் படைப்புகளில் பண்பாட்டு பதிவுகள்
The lives of the people are also intertwined with their artistic works. The short stories of the writer C. M. Muthu can be classified as documents of the Tamil society. His stories are stories of a type that cannot be written without seeing the events happening before our eyes. He describes the original lifestyle of the villages, the customs and beliefs of the people, etc. Most of C. M. Muthu's short stories are written in a way that documents the lives of the people of the integrated Thanjavur district without being too down to earth. It is no exaggeration to say that the world he knew was the world in which he wrote his stories, leaving no room for images or imagination, and the words that really tremble. It is noteworthy that C. M. Muthu is one of the most important people like Jayakanthan S. Samudram, who gave Tamil life to the naturalistic literary perspective classified by Emil Solo.
Copyright (c) 2026 K. Kowsalya, Dr.V. Karthik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
குறியீட்டியல் மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் பின்புலத்தில் சங்க இலக்கிய அன்றில் உருவகங்கள்
Sangam literary poems serve as historical repositories that accurately record the internal (Akam) and external (Puram) lives of ancient Tamils. In particular, poets utilized nature as a primary tool to express the deep emotional states of characters in Akam poetry. Literary devices such as Ullurai Uvamam (Inherent Metaphor) and Iraicchi (Implied Meaning), which reflect human emotions through the behaviors of non-human beings, are predominant in these songs. This study extensively analyzes the symbolic significance of the Anril bird within the ecological background of the Neithal (coastal) landscape and the psychological states of Akam characters as expressed by Sangam poets through the bird's life. The Anril, a unique bird that nests in palm trees, serves as a powerful metaphor for the heroine's longing and the sorrow of loneliness due to its inseparable nature, its mournful cry, and its behavior during separation. The primary objective of this paper is to approach the biological markers of the Anril’s appearance, its habitat, its vocalizations, and its symbolic status in literature through the lens of modern semiotic theories. Furthermore, using the ornithological research of scholars like P.L. Samy and contemporary biological data, this study substantiates the connection between the Anril bird and the Red-naped Ibis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. N. Anitha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
புறநானூற்றில் உணவுப் பெயர்கள்: ஓர் விரிவான பார்வை
Sangam literature serves as a chronological mirror, precisely reflecting the culture, civilization, and lifestyle of Tamils from approximately two thousand years ago. This research paper explores the primary objective of identifying and analyzing food names and references found within Purananuru, one of the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies). By examining key terms such as Choru (Rice), Paal (Milk), Meen (Fish), Adisil (Cooked food/Cuisine), and Kari (Meat), the study demonstrates how these ancient culinary terms have persisted in the Tamil social fabric to the present day. The analysis further delves into the relationship between the five landscapes (Ainthinai) and food distribution, the cultural significance of hospitality (Virunthompalam), and the technical aspects of ancient Tamil culinary arts. Ultimately, the paper concludes that food in the Sangam era was not merely a means to satisfy hunger but a profound cultural identity that encapsulates the traditions and moral values of the Tamil community.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Ram chandhar, Dr. Mo. Tamilmaran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
புறப்பொருள் வெண்பாமாலையில் தமிழரின் மண்ணுறு தொழில்களும் நவீன காலச் சூழலியல் சவால்களும்
Ancient Tamil society was a sublime civilization intricately intertwined with the elements of nature. Specifically, the grammatical traditions of Purapporul did not merely celebrate heroism and philanthropy; they identified land-based occupations and arts as symbols of 'Victory' (Vaagai). The medieval grammatical text Purapporul Venba Maalai lists eighteen types of victories under the 'Vaagai Thinai' (the theme of victory). These include agriculture, trade, wrestling, music, and various soil-based traditional occupations. Sangam literature and archaeological evidence prove that all these occupations maintained a sustainable economic cycle that did not harm nature. However, contemporary research indicates that as a result of the industrial revolution, Tamil Nadu's soil fertility has become toxic due to heavy metals and industrial waste. This study provides a detailed analysis of the soil-based occupational concepts found in Purapporul Venba Maalai, compares them with modern ecological degradation based on data, and emphasizes the necessity of returning to a nature-oriented lifestyle.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. Arulmarcia, Dr. R. Sundaravel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0