This research article examines the concept of Iyarkai Punarchi (Natural Union/Spontaneous Union) in classical Sangam literature, specifically within the Akaporul (love poetry) anthologies of Ettuthokai (Nattrinai, Kurunthokai, Aingkurunthokai, Kalithokai, and Akananuru). It explores how the spontaneous, unplanned romantic encounter between the hero (thalaivan) and heroine (thalaivi) is deeply intertwined with nature. Through textual references, verse analysis, and literary interpretation, the paper highlights how love in ancient Tamil tradition blossoms naturally as an organic emotion of the heart rather than a planned construct.

Sangam literature is an important source for understanding the lifestyle, culture, social structure, economy, political system, religious beliefs, and traditions of ancient Tamils. The Ettuthogai and Pathuppattu provide valuable information about the daily lives of people during the Sangam period. This study examines the lifestyle of ancient Tamils through the concept of the five landscapes (Ainthinai), namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai, each associated with distinct occupations, food habits, customs, and ways of life. It also explores their food, clothing, ornaments, housing, family relationships, agricultural practices, handicrafts, trade, and maritime activities. Special attention is given to women's roles, love and marriage, hospitality, generosity, valour, education, arts, religious beliefs, and political administration. Literary works such as Purananuru, Akananuru, Kurunthogai, and Pathitrupathu, along with archaeological findings from sites such as Keezhadi, provide valuable evidence for understanding ancient Tamil society. The study highlights the close relationship between people and nature, the diversity of social groups, and the cultural values reflected in Sangam literature. Thus, Sangam literature and archaeological evidence serve as significant sources for understanding the historical heritage, social life, and cultural achievements of the ancient Tamils.

This research article examines the literary structure and special features of Thiruvezhukootrirukkai composed by Thirumangai Azhwar. Thiruvezhukootrirukkai is a unique literary form in which numerical words are arranged in an ascending and descending order from one to seven. This literary structure can be found in Sangam literature as well as Bhakti literature. Thirumangai Azhwar is renowned for his excellence in different forms of poetry. His Thiruvezhukootrirukkai is recognized as Chithirakkavi and Rathabandham. The structure of this work consists of two parts, namely the upper section and the lower section. It also holds a significant place in temple worship traditions. Later poets followed this literary technique and created various forms of literature. Thus, Thirumangai Azhwar's Thiruvezhukootrirukkai has made a valuable contribution to the growth and development of Tamil literature.

Thirualavay is the ancient name of Madurai, a renowned city that has made significant contributions to the growth and development of Tamil literature. Lord Somasundarar and Goddess Meenakshi, the presiding deities of Madurai, are believed to remove the three impurities of living beings and bestow the ultimate liberation of Mukti. Inspired by the divine grace of these deities, Tamil scholars have composed numerous literary works that uphold the principles and doctrines of Saivism. Among these works are Virutham compositions, which belong to the Prabandham literary tradition and are characterised by four metrical lines of equal measure. Adhering to established grammatical structures and literary conventions, these compositions predominantly express the devotees’ prayers for divine grace, relief from poverty, and the attainment of a prosperous and spiritually elevated life. These works also elucidate the supreme power of the divine, divine plays (Thiruvilaiyadal), divine attributes, religious truths, Saiva Siddhanta principles, and the ethical values essential for righteous living. In composing Virutham literature, poets have also incorporated innovative literary forms, such as Adimada kku, alongside descriptions of divine greatness. This study aims to establish that these literary works not only celebrate divine grace and the spiritual fulfilment attained by devotees but also contribute to the emergence and development of new literary forms within Tamil literature.