சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் இயற்கை: Nature in Sangam Literature: A Study of Akam–Puram Traditions

Abstract

This research paper extensively examines the role of nature in Sangam literature and its deep bond with human life. Sangam poets did not view nature merely as an object of beauty, but portrayed it as a reflection of human emotions and an indispensable part of inner (Akam) and outer (Puram) life. Based on the Tolkappiyam principle that the world is an amalgamation of the five elements, this paper clarifies how nature is inextricably interwoven into the Tinai concepts of Mutharporul (time and land), Karupporul (native elements), and Uripporul (human emotions/behavior).

In Akam literature, to convey psychological states such as the separation, longing, and waiting of the hero and heroine, Vengai and Punnai trees, along with monsoon flowers, are utilized as messengers, witnesses, and symbols. In Puram literature, forests, Parambu mountain, and Mullai flowers are employed as metaphors to express the valor, generosity, and tragic grief (Kaiyarunilai) of kings. Drawing evidence from various Sangam works such as Kurinjippattu, Tirumurukattuppadai, and Purananuru, this paper comprehensively synthesizes the nature-integrated lifestyle of the ancient Tamils and the intricate natural descriptions of the poets.

Keywords

• Sangam Literature
• Nature
• Tinai Concept
• Akam-Puram Lifestyle
• Tolkappiyam
• Karupporul