Tamilmanam Journal

Tirumandiram, composed by Sage Tirumular and compiled as the Tenth Tirumurai in the Twelve Tamil Saivite Canons, stands as a foundational text in Tamil Agamic tradition and Saiva Siddhanta philosophy. It systematically and experientially delineates cosmological realities, the evolutionary progression of the soul, and the ultimate state of liberation (mukti). This research bridges ancient classical philosophy and modern behavioral science by synthesizing the philosophical principles of Tirumandiram with contemporary psychological theories regarding human mental operations, ego formation, behavioral patterns, psychosomatic health, and personality development.

The study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of Saiva Siddhanta’s core doctrine—the eternal triad of Pati (Supreme Consciousness), Pasu (Soul), and Pasa (Bondage)—in relation to major frameworks in modern psychology. Specifically, it examines:

The Bound State (Kattu-nilai): The condition wherein the soul is ensnared by the three impurities (Mummalas: Anava, Karma, and Maya), analyzed alongside Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology (shadow and ego dynamics) and Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory.

The Liberated State (Vittu-nilai): The state of ultimate bliss attained through Divine Grace (Arul) and liberation from worldly bondage, contrasted and correlated with Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualization theory and Viktor Frankl's Existential Psychology (Logotherapy and search for ultimate meaning).

Mind-Body Integration: The practical practices detailed in Tirumandiram compared with modern Psychosomatic Medicine to highlight ancient holistic well-being.

This research paper presents a detailed analysis of the chapter 'Kelvi' (Listening/Auditory Knowledge - Chapter 42) from the Thirukkural, authored by Thiruvalluvar over two thousand years ago, through the lens of modern Neurobiology, Cognitive Science, and Embryology.

The study compares modern medical data regarding how human learning begins in the womb between the 15th and 18th weeks of gestation, and how the fetal brain perceives the mother's heartbeat and external sounds. Specifically, this research explains—based on neural development and Neuroplasticity—why auditory knowledge is considered superior to knowledge gained through other senses.

Furthermore, the neurological connection between 'food for the ear' and 'food for the stomach' is validated through the modern concept of the 'Auditory-Gut-Brain Axis'. Data from the 'Framingham Heart Study (2025)' confirms the role of auditory learning in managing age-related memory disorders such as Dementia. Finally, this report utilizes Electroencephalography (EEG) studies to establish how the sense of hearing remains functional in a dying person even after other senses have ceased to operate.

This research paper extensively analyzes the short story "Moondru Nalvakkugal" (Three Words of Wisdom) by Poet Thiyaroo, who holds a unique place in the contemporary Tamil literary landscape, from a social perspective. The paper analyzes how this short story portrays the psychological needs, family values, and humanitarian qualities of individuals caught in the midst of modern globalization and economic competition. Through the central character, Mathivanan, the author depicts workplace politics prevalent in corporations, the resulting mental stress, and the challenges faced by a middle-class man who quits his job to protect his self-respect.

This paper explores in detail how the 'three words of wisdom'—the encouraging words of his wife Kanchana during the dark period following his job loss, the noble scripture from the church, and the pure blessings of a poor elderly woman—become the driving forces of his life. Furthermore, this study is conducted by comparing the values in this story with the life philosophies found in ethical and classical Tamil literature such as Thirukkural, Purananuru, Kurunthogai, and Natrinai, and connecting them with contemporary societal needs.

Culture is a vital concept for understanding the evolution of human society, encompassing knowledge, morality, lifestyles, and social relationships. Tamil culture is a rich system integrating language, literature, arts, and traditions, with hospitality and devotion as its core pillars. This study explores the various dimensions of culture as reflected in the hymns of the Azhwars. It specifically examines their deep linguistic devotion to the Tamil language, their contribution to musical traditions (Isai), and the documentation of ancient musical instruments like the Yaazh, Conch (Sangu), and Flute (Kuzhal) within their sacred verses. By analyzing these pasurams, the research highlights how the Azhwars bridged the divine with social and artistic traditions, ensuring the preservation of Tamil cultural identity through spiritual literature.

As a testament to the noble literary perspective in Sangam Literature that "the creation is greater than the creator," the work titled Kuruntokai is celebrated as the "Good Kuruntokai" (Nalla Kuruntokai). It minutely records emotions related to Akam (interior life/love). Poets nurtured the Tamil language through a combination of intellect and effort. Through their endeavors, they expressed numerous concepts via the Tamil language—beyond just literary and grammatical texts—in a way that everyone could understand.

Even amidst civilizational growth, these poets outlined methods for writing in a language free from corruption. The poets of Kuruntokai and their writings are the reason these works remain distinguished, integrating excellence of similes, beauty, love, and the pain of separation within a single poem. This article explores these aspects.

தமிழ் இலக்கியமான சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் “படைப்பாளனை விட படைப்பே பெரியது” எனும் உயர்ந்த இலக்கியப் பார்வைக்குச் சான்றாகவும், “நல்ல குறுந்தொகை” என சிறப்பிக்கப்பட்டும், அகம் சார்ந்த உணர்வுகளை மிக நுட்பமாகவும் பதிவு செய்கின்றது. அறிவும் முயற்சியும் உடன் கூறி தமிழை வளர்த்து வந்தார்கள் புலவர்கள். அவர்களின் முயற்சியால் இலக்கிய, இலக்கண நூல்கள் மற்றுமின்றி பல கருத்துக்களை தமிழ் மொழியின் வாயிலாக அனைவரும் உணரும் வகையில் எடுத்துரைத்தார்கள். நாகரிக வளர்ச்சி ஏற்பட்டாலும் மொழியில் கலப்பின்றி எழுதுவதற்கான வழிமுறைகளை புலவர்கள் குறிப்பிடுகிறார்கள். உவமை சிறப்பு, நலன், காதல், வலி என அனைத்து நிலைகளன்களும் ஒரே பாடலில் பயின்று வரும்படி சிறப்பு மிக்கதாக அமையும் வகையில் குறுந்தொகை புலவர்களும் அவர்களின் எழுத்துக்களும் காரணமாக அமைகின்றன. இதனை கட்டுரையின் வாயிலாக காணலாம்.

This article explores the feminist awareness thoughts found in the novels of Imayam, a significant creator in modern Tamil literature. The article points out how traditional grammars such as 'shyness' (naanam) and 'chastity' (karpu), as defined by Sangam literature and Tolkappiyam, have been patriarchal oppressions imposed upon women. The women appearing in Imayam’s novels are neither philosophers nor great beauties; rather, they are ordinary women struggling for their daily livelihood.

Through female characters in novels such as Arokkiyamary in Koveru Kazhudaigal, and others in Arumugam and Sedal, this article explains how Imayam has consciously recorded the sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and social neglect faced by women in both rural and urban environments. Imayam's female characters—who keep flowing like water without faltering in any difficult situation and without thoughts of suicide—provide the courage and awareness necessary for modern society.

Vallalar, also known as Ramalinga Adigalar, stood at the forefront of eliminating societal contradictions and fostering a new societal awakening. He strongly condemned polytheism and animal sacrifices to minor deities, asserting that the Supreme God is the light form of 'Arutperunjothi' (Supreme Grace Light). In 1865, he established the 'Samarasa Veda Sanmarga Sangam' to create a Sanmarga society. He emphasized three great principles for human life: Pasithiru (Be hungry), Thanithiru (Be solitary), and Vizhithiru (Be awake). In this article, these reformist thoughts of Vallalar are compared with the ideas of several scholars and saints, including Thiruvalluvar, Thirumoolar, Thirugnanasambandar, Thirunavukkarasar, Sundarar, Buddha, and Bharathiyar. This paper establishes how closely Vallalar's noble objectives—such as the rejection of meat-eating, eradication of the caste system, the belief in one God, and soul-centered universal brotherhood (Anmaneya Orumaippadu)—align with the thoughts of other enlightened figures.

Myths have existed since time immemorial as traditional continuities in both the oral and written forms of human life. Their imprints are found across world literatures to such an extent that human life is inseparable from them. The mythical elements within literature serve as a mirror reflecting a language's antiquity, civilization, and cultural components. In the ancient Tamil language, myths have expanded and evolved from Sangam literature through to modern contemporary works.

In this context, Kalithogai—one of the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies) of Sangam literature—utilizes ancient epics and folklore as narrative tools to express the nuances of the Akam (interior) tradition. This article explains how these mythical elements manifest through the voices of narrators within a social background in Kalithogai.

Marriage is a vital union of minds and families, traditionally analyzed through the "Ten Matches" (Dasa Porutham), Mars Dosha, and Rahu-Ketu placements. However, discrepancies often arise where compatible charts lead to divorce, while less compatible ones result in stable unions. This research utilizes the Ashtakavarga system—specifically the Sarvashtakavarga—to determine the true strength of astrological houses through Bindus (points).

By analyzing 50 real-life case studies of individuals who have undergone divorce, this paper investigates the numerical strength of the 7th House (representing marriage) in relation to the 6th House (representing conflict and litigation). The study provides a detailed analysis of how deficiencies in Ashtakavarga points between these two houses can lead to the breakdown of domestic life.

The modern era is characterized by a profound paradox: unprecedented global connectivity juxtaposed with an escalating crisis of mental health. As of 2025, over one billion individuals globally are living with mental health conditions, a statistic that reflects the compounding pressures of social media saturation, economic volatility, and the erosion of traditional support systems.¹ This research report provides an exhaustive analysis of the current mental health landscape, synthesizing clinical data, economic metrics, and philosophical frameworks to propose a multidimensional strategy for support. By examining the impact of problematic social media use (PSMU) on adolescent development, the report highlights a significant shift in psychological morbidity, particularly among Generation Z, where heavy platform usage is correlated with doubled risks of depression and anxiety.³ Furthermore, the analysis integrates the timeless resilience of Gandhian principles—Satyagraha (truth-force) and Swaraj (self-rule)—as cognitive antidotes to digital feudalism and the commodification of attention.⁵ The economic impetus for institutional change is substantiated by a projected US$ 1 trillion annual loss to the global economy due to diminished productivity, contrasted with a high-return-on-investment (ROI) of up to 4.7:1 for proactive workplace wellness initiatives.¹ Finally, the report investigates the efficacy of digital therapeutics, teletherapy, and community-led models in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), advocating for an integrated, person-centered approach that prioritizes "victorious vulnerability" and the removal of structural stigma.⁷

Akam poems (interior/love poetry) emerged as an expansive literary form centered on domestic life and internal thoughts, beautifully illustrating the lifestyle of the ancient Tamils. Kurunthogai is considered a vital collection within Sangam literature. Known for its concise lines and precise delivery of ideas, it is recognized as the first among the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies) to be compiled. Compiled by Purikko, Kurunthogai consists of 401 poems, including the celebratory invocation to God, and is often honored with the epithet "Nalla" (The Good Kurunthogai).

Sangam literature reveals that people followed cultural and lifestyle practices dictated by their specific geographical landscapes (Thinai). Based on the five-fold classification of land, people organized their lives according to their needs, and Akam literature serves as a mirror to these life experiences. The fundamental elements of this literary genre are Muthal (Primary source: land and time), Karu (Environmental objects/native elements), and Uri (Human emotions/conduct).

Grounded in these elements, Tholkappiyar explains the way of life across the five Thinais centered on love. While Muthalporul is divided into land and season/time, Karupporul encompasses everything from deities to musical notes. Uripporul expresses the specific codes of conduct for each landscape—ranging from union and pining to separation. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the Kurunthogai poems written by the Sangam women poets Kachippettu Nannagaiyar (Poem 8) and Avvaiyar (Poem 15) through the lens of these Akathinai principles.

Purananuru, which serves as a treasury of ancient Tamil life, is not merely a piece of war literature celebrating bravery; it stands as a noble document defining the ethical principles of society. This article extensively analyzes the ethical concepts embedded within Purananuru. The Tamils did not view Aram (righteousness/ethics) as a mere policy or religious dogma; instead, they revered it as an inseparable code of their daily lives. Fulfilling one's duties without fail was considered the essence of Aram.

This paper explains various dimensions such as social ethics, ethics of war, royal justice, the virtue of philanthropy, gratitude, and universal humanism with evidence from Sangam literature. It deeply discusses how the philosophical thoughts expressed through the songs of poets like Kaniyan Pungundranar, Kadulul Mayindha Ilamperuvazhuthi, and Nakkeerar serve as guides even for the modern era. Furthermore, this article provides a detailed exploration of the comparison between the Tamil concept of valor (Maram) and the Greek value of Arête, alongside the humanitarian norms strictly observed even on the battlefield.

This article presents a detailed analysis of the creative techniques, socio-political perspectives, and ideological positions of Thazhai Madhiyavan, an author who left a significant mark on the Islamic fictional landscape in the Tamil context during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Focusing specifically on three major short story collections—Thuppakkigalil Pookkum Boopalam (2004), Avargal Azhuthu Kondirukkiraargal (2006), and Karunanidhi Gounder (2008)—this study meticulously examines elements such as the impact of real-life incidents woven into his narratives, Islamic puritanical ideologies (Wahhabism), critiques of Dargah culture, and the expression of feminist thought.

Furthermore, the paper discusses how historical tragedies, such as the Kattankudy mosque massacre in Sri Lanka, are fictionalized, and explores the conflicting relationship between Dravidian politics and Islamic principles. This research establishes that Thazhai Madhiyavan’s literary journey is not merely storytelling but serves as a field reflecting a community's search for identity and ideological transformation.

Sangam literature is an incomparable encyclopedia that categorizes and explains the life of ancient Tamils into two major divisions: Akam and Puram. Among these, ‘Puram’ encompasses social life beyond an individual’s internal emotions, including general ethical values such as politics, war, bravery, philanthropy, fame, and impermanence.

This research report provides a detailed analysis of the heroic theory, social structure, economic systems, and the social contributions of women known through the Puram poems of Sangam literature. Specifically, it documents how the Purathinai (external landscape) theories formulated by Tolkappiyar align with Akathinai (internal landscape) and how later grammatical works expanded upon them.

This study confirms that works such as Purananuru and Pathitrupathu exist not merely as literary creations, but as historical documents of Tamil Nadu from 300 BCE to 300 CE. By subjecting elements like the governance of kings, administrative committees, water management, trade relations, and mythical elements such as hero-stone worship to research, the exalted state of Sangam society is described. Furthermore, this chapter speaks in detail about the publication efforts of U.V. Swaminatha Iyer, who recovered these treasures when they were in a state of vanishing.

Sangam literature stands as a primary body of literary documents that reflect the cultural, social, and ethical identity of Tamil society. The Sangam poems abundantly portray humanistic values such as a life harmonized with nature, love and heroism, charity, hospitality, and compassion. At the same time, they openly record situations in which humanity is wounded, including the denial of women’s rights, the suffering of widows, and various social constraints. This study approaches Sangam literature as a set of socio-historical documents and aims to examine the humanistic ideas expressed in them through textual, conceptual, and socio-critical perspectives.

சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் தமிழ்ச் சமூகத்தின் பண்பாட்டு, சமூக, அறநெறி அடையாளங்களைப் பிரதிபலிக்கும் முதன்மை இலக்கிய ஆவணங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. இயற்கையுடன் இயைந்த மனித வாழ்வு, காதல்–வீரம், கொடை, விருந்தோம்பல், இரக்கவுணர்வு போன்ற மனிதநேயக் கூறுகள் சங்கப் பாடல்களில் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. அதே நேரத்தில், மறுக்கப்பட்ட பெண்ணுரிமைகள், கைம்பெண்களின் துயர நிலை, சமூகக் கட்டுப்பாடுகள் போன்ற மனிதம் காயப்பட்ட சூழல்களும் வெளிப்படையாகப் பதிவாகியுள்ளன. இவ்வாய்வு, சங்க இலக்கியங்களை சமூக–வரலாற்று ஆவணங்களாக அணுகி, அவற்றில் வெளிப்படும் மனிதநேயச் சிந்தனைகளை உரைநிலை, கருத்தியல், சமூகநோக்கு அடிப்படையில் ஆராய்வதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

Among the literatures of the world, Sangam Literature stands out as a magnificent testament to the culture and civilization of the Tamil people. These Sangam poems beautifully illustrate the codes of conduct (ozhukkam) associated with the five types of landscapes (Thinai).

As defined by Tolkappiyar in the context of "Anbin Ainthinai" (The five landscapes of love), the life of the Sangam people flourished through the framework of the three components:

• Muthalporul (Primary elements: Time and Space)
• Karuporul (Regional elements: Flora, fauna, deities, etc.)
• Uripporul (Human emotions and conduct)

The heroes and heroines depicted in these "Akam" (interior/love) poems lived their lives adhering to a refined civilizational conduct. A key element of this is Ullurai (implied metaphor) and Iraichi (suggestive meaning). Through the use of regional elements (Karuporul), the concept of Iraichi serves to subtly describe the behavior and conduct of the hero. This article explores the presence and significance of Iraichi within Sangam Akam literature.

Language is the tool used by humans to exchange ideas and thoughts with others. For this purpose, the mother tongue is the most effective. Among all the languages of the world, Tamil possesses unique natural phonetics and exceptional script. It is a language that emerged first, flourished, and attained classical excellence; hence, our Tamil language became a "Classical Language" (Semmozhi).

The thought that a nation's progress depends on the progress of its language blossomed among scholars. Many poets emerged and worked tirelessly for the advancement of the language. Bharathi was the first poet to foster nationalism and Tamil sentiment in Tamil literature. Many followed in his footsteps to compose poetry. Among them, poet Palanibharathi stands out, creating works with Tamil sentiment. The objective of this article is to bring to light the new perspectives Palanibharathi has created by employing literary techniques with modern emotions and fervor throughout his poems.

Culture is an integrated system encompassing the norms and values prevailing within a society. The Sangam literary works, known as the Thogai Noolgal (Anthologies), serve as a temporal mirror reflecting the sublime values of ancient Tamil life. True Culture explains what people practice in reality within a society, while Ideal Culture proclaims how people should behave and the types of ideals they should follow. Sociologists believe that any culture can be explained only through its fundamental values. The Sangam era was a golden age that excelled in education, valor, philanthropy, and love. This study extensively analyzes the internal (Akam) and external (Puram) social values found in the anthologies within the framework of modern sociological theories. Specifically, this article highlights the unique features of the ancient Tamil social structure by comparing the value definitions of scholars such as Melvin DeFleur, Theodore Caplow, and David Dressler with evidence from Sangam literature.

In the history of Tamil literature, poetry is more than just a collection of words; it is a cultural identity of a society, a political tool, and a subtle expression of human emotions. With a continuous history spanning over two thousand years, the Tamil poetic tradition has undergone various transformations—from the grammatical rules of Yappu (prosody) in the era of Tolkappiyam to the liberated "New Poetry" (Pudukkavithai) of today.

This research paper explores in detail how the Akavarpa and Kalippa traditions of Sangam literature flourished, and the shifts brought about in poetic forms by medieval Bhakti literature and epics. Specifically, it deeply analyzes the revolution of prose-poetry (Vasana Kavithai) initiated by Bharathiyar in the 20th century, followed by the formal and thematic contributions made to modern poetry by literary movements such as Manikkodi, Ezhuthu, and Vanambadi. Furthermore, it describes how Japanese poetic forms like Haiku, Senryu, and Tanka took root in the Tamil literary landscape and explains their technical structures. This study also examines how contemporary Tamil poetry aligns with global literary trends and provides a visionary perspective on future poetic forms.

The two epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, have exerted a profound influence on the cultural and literary history of the Indian subcontinent. In particular, the impact of Mahabharata narratives is prevalent across all Indian regional languages. This research article provides a detailed analysis of how these epic stories were integrated into Sangam Literature (Ettuthokai and Pattupattu), the most ancient classical literary collection of the Tamil language.

The Tamils of the Sangam era did not view the Mahabharata stories merely as mythologies; instead, they utilized them as metaphors and life principles to explain Aram (righteousness), Maram (valor), Kodai (charity), and social values. This study offers meticulous insights into the references to Mahabharata characters, events, and the manner in which they were "Tamilized" within texts such as Kalithokai, Purananuru, Akananuru, Pathitrupathu, and the Aatruppadai books of Pattupattu.

Furthermore, this paper discusses:

• The Methodology employed by Sangam poets, who often referred to Mahabharata characters by their attributes or group names rather than their proper names.
• The cultural impact of the epics on Tamil society.
• The history of the Mahabharata being translated into/adapted for Tamil as evidenced by the Chinnamanur Copper Plates.

Based on literary evidence and historical proofs, this article establishes the deep cultural connection between Sangam-era Tamil Nadu and Northern Indian epic traditions.

In the modern global economy, the pharmaceutical industry has emerged as an indispensable force. Medical Representatives, who serve as the backbone of this sector, act as an information bridge between pharmaceutical manufacturing companies and medical professionals. Success in this profession depends on an individual's communication skills, scientific knowledge, and the mental fortitude to face challenges.

This research paper provides a detailed astrological analysis of how planetary positions and house connections (Bhavas) in an individual's horoscope transform them into a successful Medical Representative. Specifically, it analyzes the contributions of five planets—Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, the Sun, and Saturn—along with the significance of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 10th, and 11th houses. Through the nine fundamental rules and case studies presented in this study, the astrological elements necessary for an individual to choose this field and achieve sustained success are validated. Furthermore, this research explains how Dasha-Bhukti periods and planetary transits determine a representative's sales targets and professional growth.

In today’s modern era of globalization, the migration of people from one country to another in search of livelihood, higher education, and an improved standard of living has emerged as an inevitable social transformation. Such displacements are not merely geographical shifts; they create profound changes in an individual's psychological, cultural, and economic dimensions.

This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the horoscopic patterns of immigrated citizens based on Vedic Astrological principles. Specifically, this study focuses on the planetary positions, house connections (Bhava associations), and Dasha-Bhukti periods necessary for traveling abroad and achieving permanent settlement. The possibilities of migration are predicted based on the dominance of Rahu, the Moon, and Saturn, as well as the strength of the 4th, 7th, 9th, and 12th houses. Furthermore, detailed explanations are provided through case studies on how the rules mentioned in ancient astrological texts, such as Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra and Phaladeepika, apply to the contemporary context. Finally, this study proposes astrological solutions for managing the cultural and psychological challenges faced by migrants in their lives.

Sangam literature serves as a treasure trove that proclaims the lifestyle, valor, and righteousness of the ancient Tamils. In particular, Puram (exterior/socio-political) poetry, including the Purananuru, holds a primary position in constructing the political hegemony, martial traditions, and values of Sangam-era society. Although there is a prevailing perception that Puram poems generally sing of men's valor, the voices of the female poets echoing within them are highly powerful and unique.1

Over 26 female poets who lived during the Sangam period, including Avvaiyar, Okkur Masathiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar Nachellaiyar, did not merely sing about Aham (inner/domestic) life such as family and love; they courageously recorded political hegemony, social justice, martial ethics, and the psychology of the 'heroic mother'.3

This article extensively explores how the female body and emotions were politicized during the historical context in which Sangam society transitioned from a tribal state to a monarchical system. It also analyzes how the ideological construct of 'Heroic Motherhood' was utilized to shape the personalities required for the territorial expansion of kings.1

Furthermore, by integrating other historical evidence, this article presents a comprehensive feminist perspective on the political acumen of female poets, the diplomatic missions they undertook, and the social contradictions revealed through poetic themes (thurais) such as Magatparkanchi.7.

Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has emerged as a primary paradigm in modern curriculum design. It shifts the focus from teaching inputs toward the demonstrable achievements of students. A key challenge in the OBE process is formulating clear, observable, and cognitively appropriate learning outcomes.

Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001) provides a hierarchical framework consisting of six cognitive levels: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create. Specific action verbs are associated with each level to help write measurable learning objectives.

This conceptual article summarizes the structure of the Revised Taxonomy and compares it with the original version. Furthermore, it proposes a plan for systematically integrating this taxonomy into OBE frameworks. The article discusses how this taxonomy assists in aligning course outcomes, instructional strategies, and assessments; fostering higher-order thinking skills; and facilitating continuous improvement and accreditation.

Practical examples for all cognitive levels are provided, and the implications for competency-based and institutional training are explored. The article concludes that Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, when applied rigorously, transforms outcome statements from vague intentions into precise, assessable performance indicators, thereby strengthening the validity and reliability of measuring outcome attainment.

Tondai Mandalam, also known as Tondai Nadu, serves as a pivotal center for spiritual, political, and literary development in South Indian history. Spanning from Vengadam (Tirupati) in the north to the Pennai River in the south, this region attained artistic and cultural excellence across various eras under the rule of the Pallavas, Cholas, the Vijayanagara Empire, and the Nayaka kings. This article focuses on the ‘Sthala Puranas’ (temple chronicles/legendary histories), which detail the history of the sacred sites located within this region, as its primary research subject.

Specifically, this study establishes that these Puranic literatures—which flourished from the 12th to the 19th century—are not merely temple myths but serve as vital records of contemporary social history, administrative divisions (24 Kottams), architecture, and religious philosophies (Saiva Siddhanta and Vaishnava Prapatti). It discusses in detail how literary works such as the Kanchi Puranam, Thirukalathi Puranam, Attigiri Mahatmyam, and Kolasala Sthala Puranam align with the hymns of the Nayanmars and Alwars to authenticate the antiquity of a site. Furthermore, the spiritual eminence of Tondai Mandalam is thoroughly examined, including the historical significance of the 24 Kottams, the 32 Paadal Petra Sthalam (Shiva temples praised in hymns), and the list of 22 Vaishnava Divya Desams.

This research paper focuses on Vaimainathan's novel 'Naali', analyzing Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice from a socio-literary perspective within the context of contemporary Tamil literature. The study explains how the coastal landscape and the female body are subjected to "double oppression" by the globalized shrimp farming industry.

The novel’s primary characters, Maniyamma and Kannamma, are portrayed as different faces of the struggle against power centers and environmental exploitation. By integrating the Sangam-era Thinai theory with modern ecological concepts, this study argues how Naali serves as a 'Gaia Care Narrative' against the commercialization of the so-called 'Dollar Beast' (shrimp). Furthermore, this report presents data regarding groundwater salinization, the destruction of mangroves, and the health impacts on female laborers caused by shrimp farms.

This article explores the life and pioneering contributions of John James De Valois, a visionary "Agricultural Missionary" who dedicated 40 years of his life to India under the American Arcot Mission. Born in Iowa, USA, in 1892 to a family of farmers, De Valois combined his deep-rooted Christian faith with professional expertise in agriculture, earning a degree from Iowa State University. He famously described himself not just as a preacher, but as a "Doctor of Soil" and a "Preacher of Better Agriculture".

Upon arriving in India in 1920, De Valois faced significant challenges, including a loss of government matching grants and the need to adapt modern Western farming techniques to the local Indian landscape. Despite these hurdles, he established a massive 330-acre agricultural farm in Katpadi, Tamil Nadu. His work revolutionized rural development through the introduction of high-yield livestock (such as Rhode Island Red chickens), advanced irrigation, and the establishment of a "Summer School of Agriculture".

De Valois’s educational philosophy integrated academic learning with practical field experience, transforming students into "child workers" rather than laborers, with the goal of creating future leaders for the community and church. His immense contributions to Indian agriculture and rural upliftment were recognized by the Indian government; he was awarded the "Grama Seva Shiromani" gold medal by Chief Minister K. Kamaraj and honored by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. His legacy continues through the institutions named after him and his wife, Henriette, in the Vellore Diocese.

This text outlines the historical trajectory of Tamil migration, with a specific emphasis on the labor-driven diaspora to the Sri Lankan hill country (Malaiyaham) during the colonial era. While Tamil migration is historically categorized into three distinct stages—the Sangam, Chola, and Colonial periods—the relocation of Indian-origin Tamils to the Kandy tea estates represents the first major Tamil migration of the modern era. The text explores how this diasporic experience has been chronicled in Tamil literature, evolving from early folk traditions to a distinct regional genre by the 1970s.

Crucially, it identifies a notable gap in traditional Malaiyaha literature: while most writers focus predominantly on the miseries of plantation life, they often neglect the grueling pre-migration experience. To address this, the text highlights Matale Somu’s novel Kandiseemai as a seminal work. Unlike his predecessors, Somu captures the comprehensive historical continuity of this migration. Relying on documentary evidence, the novel details the famine-induced displacement in Tamil Nadu, the deception of overseers (Kanganis), the perilous journey to Rameswaram, the tragic sea voyage, and the arduous trek to the plantations. Ultimately, the text positions the Malaiyaha Tamil diaspora as a profound labor migration, uniquely and thoroughly memorialized in Somu's fiction.

Life in wedlock (Karpu) is the natural progression of a clandestine relationship (Kalavu). A secret love affair does not attain excellence unless it culminates in a formal marriage. Therefore, Tamil scholars emphasized the importance of the marriage ceremony. The concept of "chastity" (Karpu) as defined within the context of a clandestine relationship refers to the collective group of four great feminine virtues: Achcham (fear/shyness), Madam (innocence/simplicity), Naanam (modesty), and Payirppu (aversion to the unfamiliar). However, the "Karpu" mentioned in the grammar of marital life (Karpiyal) is different.The former is an innate quality that appears naturally in women; it is an attribute shared by the heroine, her friend (Thozhi), the foster mother (Sevili), and the biological mother (Nattray). The latter is not a mere personality trait, but a formal event conducted by elders for the couple. This is explained by the grammatical verse: "Karpu is defined as the act of a groom, eligible by tradition, accepting a bride through formal rituals (Karanam) when given away by those authorized to do so." From this, we can understand that in this context, Karpu is not cited as an internal quality but as a formal union. It further clarifies that while the "faultless vision of Karpu" mentioned in secret love (Kalavu) refers to a character trait, in this context, it refers specifically to the ceremonial event of marriage.

This research article, titled "The Lifestyle of Devarayaneri Narikuravars," explores the socio-cultural and economic conditions of the Narikuravar community residing in the Devarayaneri colony near Tiruchirappalli. Despite the advancements of modern civilization, this community maintains unique traditional practices while gradually adapting to new social norms. The study examines various aspects of their daily lives, including their primary occupations—hunting and honey collection for men, and bead-making and selling for women. It details their dietary habits, distinctive traditional attire, and the transition from nomadic tents to government-provided housing facilities equipped with electricity and water. Furthermore, the paper analyzes their family structures, the status of women and children, educational challenges, and their unique "life cycle" governed by seasonal migrations to temple festivals for trade. The research concludes that while the community remains educationally and economically underdeveloped, government interventions and internal social shifts are slowly influencing their traditional way of life.

This study examined how visual narratives constructed meaning in modern films through the application of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Contemporary cinema had increasingly relied on visual storytelling techniques such as imagery, symbolism, camera movement, lighting, and colour composition to communicate complex social, cultural, and ideological messages. The research aimed to decode these visual elements and investigate how they contributed to meaning-making within cinematic narratives. A qualitative research design was adopted, and selected modern films released between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed as primary data sources. Key scenes, visual compositions, and narrative structures were examined to identify patterns of representation, discourse, and ideological framing embedded within the films. The analytical framework combined visual semiotics and Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how power relations, gender representations, cultural ideologies, and social identities were constructed and communicated through cinematic visuals. The findings revealed that visual narratives functioned as powerful communicative tools that subtly shaped audience perception and interpretation. Symbolic imagery, framing techniques, and mise-en-scène played a significant role in reinforcing dominant social narratives while simultaneously allowing space for alternative interpretations. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that modern filmmakers strategically employed visual language to influence emotional engagement and ideological understanding among viewers. The research concluded that critical examination of visual narratives enhanced media literacy and enabled audiences to recognize the underlying discourse embedded within films. By integrating film studies, visual culture, and discourse analysis, the study contributed to a deeper understanding of how cinematic texts operated as cultural artifacts that reflected and constructed contemporary social realities.

Society is a complex collective way of life in which human beings live together. A group of other sentient beings or inanimate objects cannot be considered a "society." The term "society" is inextricably linked with the human race, which possesses the sixth sense.

The short stories of Indira Parthasarathy portray the integrated structure of social customs, traditions, methods of operation, power dynamics, and mutual cooperation. The primary objective of this article is to analyze the conflicts arising within family relationships and the subtle emotions of the human minds facing them, comparing them with the real-life events found in Indira Parthasarathy's short stories.

Specifically, his works center on elements such as the mental confusion of the middle class, relational deviations, frustration, death, failure, loneliness, and mental stress. This article logically examines the contradictions existing between the individual and society, particularly through the lens of urban intellectuals.

The medieval commentaries on Tolkāppiyam are connected to the philosophical ideas of that time. The commentators’ religious beliefs influenced their explanations, and they shaped the Tolkāppiyam tradition according to their own views. During this period, social and historical reasons led people to build a religious Tamil identity, and this created discussions to reclaim ancient Tamil tradition. The explanations given by the commentators also come from this same background. Based on this, the article studies how medieval commentaries on Tolkāppiyam are related to the philosophical trends of that time. Specifically, the paper analyzes key commentary texts to demonstrate how fundamental linguistic and grammatical rules were actively reinterpreted through theological lenses. By examining these interpretative shifts, the study highlights the transformation of Tolkāppiyam from a secular grammatical treatise into a vital instrument for medieval religious discourse, ultimately offering deeper insights into the intellectual and cultural evolution of the Tamil literary tradition.

This article explores the police investigation methods, legal procedures, and the socio-economic complexities prevalent in the western districts of Tamil Nadu as depicted in the novel Sembulam, written by lawyer and author R. Murugavel. From a socio-legal perspective, this paper analyzes the investigation following a mysterious death, the legal nuances involved (CrPC 174,176 and IPC 304,304A), and how police slang such as "Visiting Card" and "Puncture" are fictionalized within the narrative.

Furthermore, the study compares the novel's data with real-world issues in the Kongu region, including the "Camp Coolie" system in the garment industry, the dominance of caste associations, and the social psychology behind honor killings. The primary objective of this article is to examine how the novel highlights the gap between the law in the books and the law in practice.

When analyzing the history of Tamil literature and publication, the 19th century stands out as a highly significant era. Following the arrival of the printing press, this became a golden age where many Tamil works, previously confined to palm-leaf manuscripts, began to be published. During this period, while local Tamil enthusiasts published numerous works, European Christian missionaries—drawn by the beauty of the Tamil language—also played a major role. Although their primary objective in coming to Tamil Nadu was the propagation of their religion, their passion for Tamil literature led them to introduce these works to the world. In this literary journey, the Thirukkural, the "Universal Veda," held a preeminent position. Throughout the 19th century, new editions, commentaries, and translations of the Thirukkural continued to emerge. Many European missionaries earned distinction by translating the Thirukkural into their mother tongues. Among such scholars, Karl Graul, a German scholar, is an important figure who remains largely unknown to the world of Tamil research. Karl Graul translated and published the Thirukkural in two languages: German and Latin. Prior to Graul's translation, in 1803, August Friedrich Cammerer had translated the Thirukkural into the German "Deutsch" language titled Des Tiruvalluwer Gedichte Und Denkspruche. Thirukkural With German Translation, Leipzig 1803 (Thirukkural Translations in World Languages, p. 76). Following this, Karl Graul translated the Thirukkural from Tamil into Latin. This translation was published posthumously. After Graul’s death in 1864, his student William Germann edited and published the Latin translation manuscript, which included a Tamil commentary, titled: “Kural of Tiruvalluvar: High-Tamil text with Translation into Common Tamil and Latin, Notes and Glossary 1865.” Despite the numerous translations and editions of the Thirukkural that have been released to date, Karl Graul’s Latin translation—which includes a Tamil commentary—remains largely undiscussed. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to examine Karl Graul’s Latin edition of the Thirukkural and the nature of the Tamil commentary contained within that edition..

Heritage is an invaluable asset that identifies the unique identity of every ethnic group. It acts as a dialogue between people of the past and the present, helping to determine and guide the future. While diverse ethnic groups exist globally, the heritage aspects of Tamils remain distinct. Among them, Bullock Cart Racing holds significant importance as a traditional sport closely linked to the rural lifestyle and social traditions of Northern Sri Lankan Tamils. Initially, bullock carts were utilized for daily transportation and agricultural activities; however, over time, they evolved into a rural sport integrated with village festivals and celebrations. This sport is regarded as a cultural event that manifests heroism, a competitive spirit, and social unity. The objective of this study is to examine the historical development, socio-cultural significance, and contemporary status of bullock cart racing as one of the traditional sports of Northern Sri Lankan Tamils. The hypothesis posits that bullock cart racing serves as a vital traditional sport reflecting the rural cultural identity and social cohesion of the Northern Sri Lankan Tamil community. Primary and secondary data were utilized for this research. Primary data were collected through field observations and interviews with relevant individuals. This historical and descriptive study also incorporates secondary data such as literature and research articles in both Tamil and English. In conclusion, while bullock cart racing is deeply intertwined with the rural culture and traditional lifestyle of Northern Sri Lankan Tamils, it is noteworthy that modernization and social shifts are bringing significant changes to its practice.

In the tradition of Tamil Siddhars, Boganathar, one of the revered Eighteen Siddhars, is considered a pioneer of spirituality, medicine, alchemy, and modern scientific technologies. Taking the historical evidences found in the monumental work 'Agathiyar 12000' as primary sources, this article extensively researches data regarding his birth, parentage, lineage of Gurus, and disciples.

Specifically, this study deeply discusses the records in this text stating that Bogar belonged to the 'Vellai Maanbhar' lineage of China and that he came to Tamil Nadu as a disciple of Kalangi Nathar to learn the Siddha arts. Furthermore, Bogar’s scientific inventions—such as the Navapashanam deity (the nine-poison amalgam), the Vaan Ratham (aircraft), steamships, and optical instruments—are explained with the support of the texts 'Bogar 7000' and 'Bogar 12000'.

This article also provides a comprehensive perspective on the philosophical similarities between Bogar and the Chinese sage Lao Tzu, and the transformations he brought about in China through the art of Kudu Vittu Kudu Paayum (transmigration of souls). Additionally, it analyzes how the 96 basic principles (Tattvas) of Siddha philosophy and the 8 Ragas pave the way for the elevation of human life.

In the history of Tamil literature, ethical literatures (Ara Ilakkiyam) hold a primary place in constructing social morality and life values. Following the objective heroism and subjective love of the Sangam era, the ethical works of the Post-Sangam period emerged to teach high ideals and the impermanence of human life.

As a modern-era continuation of this rich ethical tradition, 'Eeradi Irunooru', composed by Ku. Kothandapani Pillai (Rao Sahib) in the 20th century, stands out as an exceptional work. Utilizing the Kural Venpa—the poetic meter of the Thirukkural—the book is categorized into three major sections: Aesthetics, Psychology, and Worldly Affairs, making it highly relevant to modern contexts.

Consisting of 200 poems, this work follows the two-line couplet format of the Thirukkural to present ethics through a lens of aesthetic sensibility and realism. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the author’s multi-faceted personality, the structure of the book, and the values handled within it, such as motherhood, poetic excellence, authorship, criticism, psychology, and worship. Furthermore, it compares Kothandapani Pillai’s thoughts with the modern critical theories of scholars like A. S. Gnanasambandan and T. S. Natarajan, evaluating the contribution of this work to the 20th-century Tamil Renaissance.

Minor deity worship, deeply rooted in the cultural foundations of Tamil Nadu, exists not merely as a set of rituals but as a philosophical bedrock supporting the entire lifestyle of a community. While institutionalized "Great Tradition" (Major) deity worship operates within the framework of Vedantic and Agamic rules, minor deity worship is directly intertwined with the daily needs, fears, beliefs, and social security of the people.

This study extensively explores the philosophical foundations and metaphysical dimensions of minor deity worship from an anthropological perspective. It explains, with evidence, the transitions ranging from the Hero Stone (Nadukal) tradition found in the Sangam literature Purananuru to the modern-day processes of Sanskritization and Globalization. Furthermore, it subtly examines the relationship between body, mind, and spirit, the philosophical background of metaphysical phenomena such as spirit possession (Samiyaduthal), and the role of these deities within social power structures. This research evaluates how minor deities protect the moral ethics of a society and the challenges of institutionalization they face in the modern era.

Tamil short stories have a rich history of over a hundred years. The modern Tamil short story genre began with Va.Ve. Subramaniya Iyer. In the 1940s, there was a surge in the publication of Tamil short stories, thanks in part to the efforts of magazines and journals. In 1933, Anandha Vikatan magazine held a short story competition, which became a turning point in the evolution of the modern Tamil short story. Many new writers came forward with their stories. Tamil short stories have been used to depict the struggles and experiences of ordinary people in a realistic way. For example, writers like Puthumaipithan, La.Sa. Ramamirtham, Mauni, wrote short stories that depicted the struggles of ordinary people during the Manikodi and Ezhuthu periods. Even in the 1990s, writers like S. Ramakrishnan wrote short stories that explored the psychological experiences of ordinary people. Particularly his male characters struggle a lot to come across their inner feelings. For example, the male character in "Ilathavargal Thandha Amudham" is unable to cope with humiliation and the male character in "Pappuvin Kaalani" misses his daughter after she gets married. These characters express some weird behaviours when they are confronted with anxiety and frustration. The aim of this research paper is to find the reasons behind the weird behaviors expressed by those characters.

This article explores the diverse systems of belief prevalent among ancient Tamils as depicted in Sangam Literature. While these early people lived in harmony with nature, their inability to fully comprehend or control natural phenomena—such as thunderstorms, earthquakes, and diseases—led to the development of specific beliefs rooted in both awe and fear. The author traces the linguistic evolution of the word "belief" from its roots in Tolkappiyam, where it initially signified "desire," to its later usage denoting "trust" or "faith".

The study details various traditional practices, including Nimitham (omens), Virichi (listening for random auspicious words), and Aazhiyizhaithal (drawing circles in the sand to predict a lover's return). Furthermore, the article examines the significance of animal behaviors—specifically those of lizards and crows—and the spiritual reverence for trees. It also touches upon the ancient dread of ghosts and the interpretation of nightmares as precursors to misfortune. Ultimately, the paper argues that these beliefs were not merely superstitions but served as a social framework and a way of life that continues to influence modern Tamil culture.