Tamilmanam Journal

Tamil literature continuously conveys moral principles and living standards that guide human beings toward a righteous path. In particular, ethical literature functions as a guidebook for human life, explaining in simple words how one should live, interact with others, and cultivate good qualities. In this genre, Mudurai, authored by the ancient poetess Avvaiyar, holds a prominent place. The title Mudurai signifies "advice given by elders." Avvaiyar elucidates essential life values using natural metaphors such as the coconut tree, ocean, sandalwood, trees, peacock, and frog. Thus, Mudurai is not merely an ancient ethical text, but a timeless repository of living wisdom that continues to guide human life across generations.

சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் பண்டைத் தமிழர்களின் அகவாழ்க்கையையும் புறவாழ்க்கையையும் உலகிற்குப் பறைசாற்றும் உன்னதப் பதிவுகளாகும்.¹ அவற்றுள், எட்டுத்தொகைத் தொகுப்பில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள புறநானூறும் பதிற்றுப்பத்துமே தூய புறப்பொருள் நூல்களாக விளங்கி, சங்க கால அரசியல் கட்டமைப்பை அறிய உதவும் முதன்மை ஆதாரங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.¹ முடியாட்சிக் காலத்தில் அரசனிடம் குவிந்திருந்த வரம்பற்ற அதிகாரத்தை அறநெறி, செங்கோன்மை, தார்மீகப் பொறுப்புணர்வு மற்றும் பகிர்ந்தளிக்கும் கொடை அரசியல் போன்ற விழுமியங்கள் எவ்வாறு கட்டுப்படுத்தின என்பதை இக்கட்டுரை விரிவாக ஆராய்கிறது.¹ மேலும், அன்றைய ஆட்சியாளர்களின் நீர் மேலாண்மை உத்திகள், அறநெறி சார்ந்த வரிவிதிப்பு முறை, போர்க்கள ஒழுக்கம் மற்றும் சான்றோர்களின் கூட்டுத் தலைமை வழிகாட்டுதல் போன்றவை எவ்வாறு தற்கால ஜனநாயகக் கோட்பாடுகளுக்கும் வழிகாட்டியாகத் திகழ்கின்றன என்பதை இலக்கிய மற்றும் வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியில் இவண் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்கிறது.

In the tenets of Vedic Astrology, Rahu—though classified as a shadow planet (Chaya Graha) and typically viewed as a malefic or an agent of illusion—possesses the unique ability to bestow Raja Yoga. When positioned in auspicious houses, Rahu can grant unparalleled royal honors, sudden wealth, and international fame. In today’s globalized era, one of Rahu's primary Raja Yoga manifestations is providing students with international education opportunities and global recognition.

This research paper analyzes how the 5th house (representing academic intelligence), the 9th house (representing higher education and long-distance travel), and the 12th house (representing separation from the birthplace and foreign residency) create the "Yoga" for foreign education when influenced by Rahu and Jupiter (Guru), according to classical astrological texts. Furthermore, it explores how the Guru-Chandala Yoga (Jupiter-Rahu conjunction) transcends its traditional negative connotations to stimulate academic achievements through modern technology and lateral thinking.

To validate these principles, five real-life case studies collected by the Department of Astrology at Vels University have been compared using detailed chart analysis. Finally, the paper provides systematically compiled 2026 Muhurtha guidelines for education visas and admissions, alongside Vedic remedial measures (Pariharas) for weak planetary positions.

In the section titled "Panthadikkum Tharu"  in the Bethlehem Kuravanji, a literary work authored by Vedanayaga Sastriar, it is recounted that Devamohini, a daughter of Zion, marvels at the orderly motion of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets created by God, and proceeds to play with them as if they were balls. The objective of this article is to assess the accuracy of the astronomical details cited by Vedanayaga Sastriar such as planetary rotation, orbital periods around the Sun, distances between the Sun and the planets, and planetary diameters by comparing them against data provided by modern astronomers; furthermore, it aims to elucidate the methodology employed in expressing scientific concepts through the medium of poetry, thereby establishing the manner in which scientific thought is embedded within Tamil literature. This inter disciplinary study employs a textual analysis, comparative and interpretative approach. Far from being merely a work of imaginative poetry, the text encapsulates profound astronomical knowledge. Through this research, it is evident that literature has been effectively utilized as a medium to spread scientific concepts to the general public.

The Sangam era is considered a golden age in Tamil history, where valor, love, and righteousness (Dharma) flourished. Among the social values of the people of this period, 'Hospitality' (Virunthompals) was regarded not merely as a duty, but as the very purpose of domestic life. Specifically, Narrinai, one of the Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies), records the nuances of hospitality with great intricacy.

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the characteristics of hospitality embedded in the poems of Narrinai. It discusses profound concepts such as:

• How Sangam people welcomed strangers (guests) with a pleasant countenance.
• The cultural practice of providing food even during late hours of the night.
• The perspective that a hero’s pursuit of wealth was primarily intended to fulfill the virtue of hospitality effectively.

Furthermore, by comparing these themes with texts like Thirukkural, Aattruppadai literature, and Periyapuranam, this study explains how hospitality has been maintained as a continuous moral tradition in Tamil culture. The culinary skills of the Sangam heroine, methods of hosting, and the food culture of the time are also subjected to detailed investigation.

Anthropologist Bhaktavatsala Bharathi posits that all academic disciplines originate from philosophy. In that sense, the creation of grammar must also have been established upon some philosophical background. The formation of grammar encompasses the linguistic practices and the socio-history of a particular land.

Tolkappiyam has performed the task of compiling and refining the linguistic and cultural practices of the Tamil land. Accordingly, it can be said that Tolkappiyam carries within itself the philosophical traditions of the Tamil soil. Indian philosophies are generally categorized into two types: Vaidika (Orthodox) and Avaidika (Heterodox). This article attempts to explain how Lokayata (Materialism), an Avaidika philosophy, aligns with the Thinai (eco-poetic) structure of Tolkappiyam.

தத்துவத்திலிருந்தே எல்லாத் துறைகளும் தோன்றுகிறது என்பது மானுடவியலாளர் பக்தவச்சலபாரதி அவர்களின் கருத்து. அவ்வகையில் இலக்கண உருவாக்கமும் ஏதோவொரு தத்துவப் பின்னணியிலிருந்து உருவாக்கப்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும். இலக்கண உருவாக்கம் என்பது அந்நிலத்தில் உள்ள மொழி வழக்குகளையும் சமூக-வரலாற்றையும் உள்ளடக்கியதாக இருக்கும்.  தமிழ் நிலத்தின் வழக்குகளைத் தொகுத்துத் தரப்படுத்திக் கொடுக்கும் வேலையைத் தொல்காப்பியம் செய்திருக்கிறது. அவ்வகையில் தொல்காப்பியம் தமிழ் நிலத்தின் தத்துவ மரபைத் தன்னகத்தேக் கொண்டிருக்கிறது என்று கூறலாம். இந்தியத் தத்துவங்கள் வைதிகம் அவைதிகம் என்று இருவகையாகப் பிரிந்துள்ளது. அதில் அவைதிகத் தத்துவமான உலகாயாதம் தொல்காப்பிய திணை அமைப்புடன் எவ்வாறு பொருந்தியுள்ளது என்பதை இக்கட்டுரை விளக்கமுற்படுகிறது.

In the landscape of Tamil literature, 'Oppari' (dirge) is not merely a component of death rituals; it stands as a rich oral tradition that has persisted through generations and serves as a historical document recording the internal and external transformations of society.

This article explores in detail the historical evolution of how the 'Kaiyarunilai' (elegiac) poems, celebrated in Sangam literature, transitioned over time into 'Oppari,' which reflects the emotions of the marginalized sections of society. Traces of Oppari are deeply embedded throughout all eras of Tamil literature—starting from the grammar for mourning defined in Tholkappiyam, the heroic elegies expressed in Purananuru, the righteous indignation found in laments within epics like Silappathikaram, to later Puranas and individual poems.

Beyond literary records, this article provides a detailed analysis of Oppari from a folklore perspective, covering its various classifications and sociological backgrounds—specifically examining power struggles related to caste, gender, and class. Furthermore, by comparing Tamil Oppari with Western elegiac traditions, this article highlights the universal aspects of human grief alongside the unique elements inherent to Tamil culture.

The true identity of a society is embedded not only in its language but also in its physical intelligence and methods of self-defense. In Tamil tradition, arts such as Silambam, Adimurai, Varma Kalai, and Valari were not merely combat techniques; they flourished as ways of life emphasizing physical and mental discipline.

Historical evidence suggests these arts originated as early as 1000 BCE. Heroic references to these disciplines are found in Sangam literature, including the Purananuru and Silappathikaram. Over time, these arts declined due to a lack of documentation and the prohibitions imposed by the British government in 1801.

In the contemporary modern context, efforts are being made to reclaim these arts by integrating them into the educational system and including them in national sports programs like 'Khelo India.' This research paper explores in detail the origins of Tamil martial arts, their various branches, literary records, and their significance in the modern era.

In the history of Tamil literature, the genre of Prabandhams—collectively known as Sittrilakkiyagal (Minor Literatures)—attained sublime growth in the post-Sangam period. Specifically, Kalambakam, one of the ninety-six types of Sittrilakkiyagal, is a rich literary form characterized by a blend of various poetic meters, verse types, and structural elements encompassing both Akam (interior/love) and Puram (exterior/heroic) themes.

'Puyavaguppu', which serves as one of the introductory elements of this literary form, is a unique component that extols the heroic prowess, philanthropic nature, and the physical strength of the shoulders (Puyangal) of the protagonist.

This research paper provides a detailed examination of how the Puyavaguppu element is structured within Kalambakam literature. Specifically, this article deeply analyzes the conceptual frameworks of Puyavaguppu in:

• Saivite texts: Thillai Kalambakam, Thiruvamathur Kalambakam, Madurai Kalambakam, Kasi Kalambakam, and Thiruvarunai Kalambakam.
• Vaishnavite texts: Thiruvarangak Kalambakam.
• Historical texts: Nandhi Kalambakam.

The paper further elaborates on the mythological references, social backgrounds, and the rhythmic beauty (Santha Nayam) employed in these verses. The primary objective of this study is to establish the role Puyavaguppu plays in asserting the divine grace of the Almighty and the supreme valor of the King..

In the history of Tamil literature, the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries AD are considered the golden age of Sitrilakkiyam (Minor Literature). Specifically, among the ninety-six types of minor literature that flourished during the Nayaka period, 'Sathakam'—structured with one hundred songs—served as a tool to preach the moral codes and ethics necessary for human life.

Beyond praising deities and patrons, these Sathakam works have meticulously recorded medical notes and healthy lifestyle guidelines for living a disease-free life. This research paper explores the medical truths embedded in works such as Kayilasanathar Sathakam, Kumaresa Sathakam, Annamalai Sathakam, Arappaleesura Sathakam, and Thandalaiyar Sathakam, linking them with the principles of Siddha medicine.

This article provides a detailed analysis of how the advice offered in Sathakam literature regarding the causes of disease, methods of body maintenance, dental hygiene, dietary restrictions (pathyam), the qualifications of a physician, and social health remains relevant to contemporary living. The primary objective of this study is to establish how Sathakam authors conveyed the fundamental Siddha principle of "Food is medicine, Medicine is food" to the general public through simple poetic forms..

In the history of Tamil literature, religious literatures have contributed significantly to the development of the language and the moral structure of society. Specifically, Islamic Tamil literature created a new cultural environment by merging Tamil traditions with Islamic principles. Among these, 'Seerapuranam,' composed by Umaru Pulavar in the 17th century, is considered a masterpiece epic.

This epic does not merely describe the biography of Prophet Muhammad; it subtly records the high moral values an individual must adhere to internally and externally. This article aims to identify the individual values embedded within Seerapuranam. Specifically, this work analyzes how values such as purity of mind, compassion for living beings, forgiveness, self-control, and truthfulness are intertwined with the life of the Prophet through various chapters (Padalams).

Furthermore, this study provides a detailed analysis of the influence of ethical theories found in Sangam literature and the Tirukkural on Seerapuranam, as well as the literary traditional shifts employed by Umaru Pulavar.

Feminism is not an ideology against men; rather, it is considered a revolutionary social change against the negative attitudes of men and society toward women. It is a logical truth that for a society to achieve holistic development, women—the fundamental pillars of that society—must be treated with equal rights and self-respect. As per Simone de Beauvoir’s statement, "One is not born, but rather becomes a woman," the primary objective of feminism is to break the shackles of domesticity and subjugation imposed on women since ancient times. This article provides a detailed exploration of the status of Tamil women from the Sangam era to the modern period. It describes how women, who were characterized by intellect and bravery during the Sangam period, faced social decline during the medieval era, and later experienced a renaissance through the struggles of 20th-century reformers like Thanthai Periyar. Furthermore, it provides a statistical analysis of the impact of contemporary Tamil Nadu government schemes such as 'Pudhumai Penn' and the 'Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thogai' (Women's Basic Income Scheme), which were implemented for women's higher education, employment, and socio-economic security. The primary objective of this paper is to explain, with evidence, the evolutionary growth in women's education, property rights, and political empowerment.

Knowledge and Wisdom are pivotal components in the evolutionary development of the human race. Over two thousand years ago, the divine poet Thiruvalluvar explained the indispensability of knowledge in the chapter ‘Arivudaimai’ (The Possession of Knowledge). This research paper explores and compares the intellectual concepts presented in the Thirukkural with modern findings in Neuroscience and Neurobiology.

Specifically, this study discusses how the functions of brain regions such as the Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, and Hippocampus are subtly described within Valluvar’s couplets.

The scope of this research is expanded based on:

• The neurobiological models of wisdom proposed by Meeks and Jeste (2009).
• The theories of habit formation described by Eike K. Buabang (2025).
• The brain's capacity to discern fake news/misinformation as explained by Andrea Grignolio (2022).

This study neurobiologically substantiates how knowledge serves as a protective fortress, a tool for mental regulation, and a power to discern the ultimate truth.

Tamil Christian epics represent a unique synthesis of Biblical theology and the classical aesthetics of Tamil literary tradition. This study examines the ways in which theological doctrines and ethical values are articulated within these epic narratives. It particularly focuses on central Christian themes such as the Crucifixion, the Resurrection, divine love, compassion, forgiveness, the doctrine of creation, sacraments, and the concept of the Trinity, analyzing how these ideas are reinterpreted within the structural and stylistic conventions of Tamil epic literature.

The analysis reveals that these works move beyond mere religious storytelling and function as texts of moral and philosophical significance. They not only communicate spiritual insights but also provide ethical guidance, while contributing to broader literary and cultural discussions. In this sense, Tamil Christian epics can be understood as integrative texts that connect spirituality, literary expression, and lived human experience.

In the spiritual, cultural, and historical evolution of Tamil Nadu, the worship of Murugan serves as a central force. Specifically, the Arupadai Veedu (six sacred abodes) of Lord Murugan are more than just places of worship; they function as "time capsules" showcasing the life values, architectural nuances, archaeological evidence, and literary richness of the Tamil people.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the history of the six abodes—Thirupparankunram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudhircholai—based on source documents provided by the user and other research data. The antiquity of these sites is explored through a range of sources, starting from the Sangam literature Thirumurugatruppadai to later works like Thiruppugazh, Puranas, and epigraphical evidence.

Furthermore, the article engages in a deep discussion of secondary and tertiary data, such as:

• The Dutch occupation at Tiruchendur.
• The Navapashanam science of the Palani hills.
• The bronze casting technology of Swamimalai.
• The Jain-Saivite religious harmony at Thirupparankunram.

The study elaborates on how 'Seyon,' the deity of the Tamil Kurinji landscape, evolved into 'Murugan' and explains how these six abodes symbolically represent the six stages of human life (marriage, victory, renunciation, wisdom, peace, and ultimate enlightenment)..

This study explores how the Navarasas (nine aesthetic emotions) are expressed across the three divisions of the Thirukkural—Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), and Inbam (Love). Grounded in the theoretical framework of the Navarasa concept as articulated in Bharata Muni’s Natyashastra, the research analyzes the emotional structure, linguistic conciseness, psychological dimensions, and aesthetic composition of the couplets. It proposes that Shanta (tranquility) and Karuna (compassion) are predominantly expressed in the Araththuppaal, Veera (heroism) and Raudra (anger) in the Porutpaal, and Shringara (love) in the Kamaththuppaal. The central objective of this study is to demonstrate that the emotional evolution across these three sections forms an integrated aesthetic framework.

This article explores the historical evolution, philosophical foundations, and socio-political impacts of feminist thought from a comprehensive academic perspective. It discusses how feminism has adapted itself, starting from the 19th-century suffrage movements (First Wave) to contemporary struggles centered on technology and diversity (Fourth Wave).

In particular, the article analyzes the connections and contradictions between Western feminist theories and the unique "Periyarist Feminist" thoughts of India, especially Tamil Nadu. It documents how the female voice has been recorded in the Tamil literary landscape, from Sangam literature to modern-day Dalit feminist writings. Furthermore, this paper provides a data-driven analysis regarding recent 2024-25 statistics, Tamil Nadu's new policy for women, and prevailing gender gaps..

Jainism is an ancient religion whose own historiography centres on its 24 guides or Tirthankaras. Of the 24, the last two tirthankaras – are generally accepted as historical persons, with the 23rd Tirthankara pre-dating the Buddha and the Mahavira by probably some 250 years.Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha, the historical buddha, rediscovered the long forgotten dharma around the 5th century BCE, and began to teach it again. In Buddhism there were previous buddhas, too, 24 in total as described in the Buddhavamsa, the 14th book of the Khuddaka Nikāya. Buddhists also believe that Gautama Buddha had many previous rebirths as described in the Jataka Tales. Buddhist scriptures record that during Prince Siddhartha's ascetic life (before attaining enlightenment) he undertook many fasts, penances and austerities, the descriptions of which are elsewhere found only in the Jain tradition.

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Tamil literature witnessed the introduction of several new literary genres. Notably, prose literature, influenced by Western literary traditions, started to develop. Within this emerging domain, the travelogue genre stands out prominently. Commencing in the latter part of the nineteenth century, travelogues focusing on India began to appear across the majority of Indian languages. The travel writings of S. Ramakrishnan, particularly Desanthiri, Ilakkatra Payani, and Aathalinaal, occupy a distinctive place in contemporary Tamil literature. These works are not merely records of journeys across India; rather, they represent a creative fusion of travel experience and literary expression. Ramakrishnan transforms his encounters with landscapes, people, and cultures into richly textured narratives that often transcend the boundaries of conventional travel writing. In Desanthiri, Ilakkatra Payani, and Athalinaal, the author’s narrative voice reflects a deep engagement with memory, identity, and cultural diversity. This study aims to examine the nature of the fictional language style in these travel works, focusing on how narrative techniques, linguistic creativity, and imaginative elements contribute to their literary significance.

This research paper provides a comprehensive astrological analysis of how the positions, significations (karakatwas), and house connections of the Moon and Venus determine "Pravasa Yoga" (Foreign Travel Yoga) in the horoscopes of those working or settling abroad. Based on the rules of foundational astrological texts such as Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra and Phaladeepika, this study analyzes the significance of the 9th and 12th houses, the influence of Rahu, and the importance of Movable Signs in relation to foreign travel.

The study validates that the weakening (affliction) of the 4th house combined with the strengthening of the 12th house is what drives an individual to leave their homeland for a foreign country. Through two detailed case studies, the paper practically demonstrates how planetary periods (Dasha-Bhukti) and transits facilitate international relocation at the appropriate time.

The medical profession is regarded not merely as a career for curing diseases, but as an expression of humanity and selfless service. Based on the principles of Astrology, the 10th House (Karma Sthana) and the 6th House (Roga Sthana) play primary roles in determining which branch of medicine an individual will choose.This research paper meticulously examines the astrological differences between those working as doctors and those in the pharmaceutical sales and marketing sector as Medical Representatives. Drawing from rules established in classical texts such as Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, Phaladeepika, and Jataka Parijata, this study discusses the significance of planetary conjunctions, the exchange of house lords, and divisional charts (Vargas).

Specifically, this study provides evidence explaining how the dominance of Mars produces surgeons, while the strength of Mercury and the 3rd House determines the success of Medical Representatives. Furthermore, the planetary positions required for medical education, the intuition needed for diagnosis, and the contribution of the 12th House to working within a hospital environment are analyzed in detail.

Tamil literature possesses an ancient heritage and richness spanning over two thousand years. This article explores the various ways the fine art of dance has been practiced in ancient Tamil literature and the position dance holds as a central theme within these literary works. Specifically, it explains how dance—as a physical movement—is intertwined with music, rhythm, and the land-based conceptual framework of Uripporul (emotional theme), Karupporul (environmental elements), and Mudhal porul (time and landscape) in Sangam literature. During the Sangam era, group dances such as Kuravai, Thunangai, and Veriyadal held primary importance.

Supported by Sangam literary evidence, this article describes the Kuravai Koothu performed by people across the five types of landscapes, the Thunangai Koothu performed exclusively by women, and the Veriyattu performed to seek divine grace or celebrate victory in war. Furthermore, this research highlights the divine dances performed by Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva—such as Kudakoothu, Alliyam, Kodukotti, and Paandarangam—as well as the unique makeup and dance excellence of the Koothar (male dancers) and Viraliyar (female dancers). In short, this article confirms through literary evidence that dance was an inseparable part of entertainment, worship, and life rituals in ancient Tamil society.

Mythological elements have remained embedded within Tamil literature from the Sangam era—which stands as the eternal soul of the language—to the contemporary age of Haiku, Senryu, and Limeraiku poetry. These mythical remnants, lingering like a precipitate, are essential to imbue our creative works with a sense of classical excellence. Much like how a network of roots supports shimmering flowers from beneath the soil, these epic essences are required to give modern creative works meaningful depth and substance. Just as salt is gathered by boiling seawater, the essence of this research lies in sifting through and consolidating the mythological stories buried deep within Sangam literature.

Women’s political leadership is a vital component of democratic governance, inclusivity, and sustainable development. Despite Sri Lanka's historical legacy of electing the world's first female Prime Minister, women's representation in political leadership has remained significantly low for a long period. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in women’s political leadership in Sri Lanka and the persistent barriers they face.

Based on secondary data, policy reports, and recent election results, this paper analyzes representation trends, quota systems, and socio-cultural constraints. Specifically, the 25% quota introduced in the 2018 Local Government elections and the significant shifts in the 2024 Parliamentary elections have increased women's participation. However, structural barriers within political parties, patriarchal mindsets, and economic constraints remain ongoing challenges. This study argues that mere numerical representation is insufficient; rather, empowered and meaningful leadership is what brings about true change. Furthermore, the study explores in detail the impact of the recently enacted Women’s Empowerment Act, No. 37 of 2024.

In the vast landscape of Tamil literature, Dalit literature stands as the voice of the oppressed and a political weapon asserting their existence. Dalit people, who were once rendered powerless in determining their own rights due to the caste system, have today established a unique identity across every sphere of life—including politics, culture, history, and literature.

This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the profound changes triggered in the Tamil literary environment, starting from the Dalit literary uprising that emerged in Maharashtra and Karnataka in the late 20th century. Specifically, it analyzes how the concept of Dalit Feminism diverges from mainstream feminism by confronting the triple oppression of caste, class, and gender.

Through seminal works such as Bama's Karukku and Sangati, Sivakami's Pazhaiyana Kazhithalum, Poomani's Piragu, and K. Daniel's Panchamar, this study discusses the life struggles, linguistic styles, and aesthetic shifts of the Dalit people. Furthermore, this research documents the contributions of Dr. Ambedkar’s philosophical background and political movements like the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) toward the growth of Dalit literature.

In the history of Tamil literature, the epics that emerged during the post-Sangam period (Sangam Maruviya Kaalam) stand as testaments to the ethical values and religious harmony of Tamil society. Among them, Manimekalai, authored by Seethalai Sathanar, is a sublime ethical work that explains Buddhist doctrines in a manner suited to the Tamil context.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of impermanence (Nilaiyamai) and ethical thoughts embedded within the epic Manimekalai. Specifically, it analyzes how the philosophies of the impermanence of the physical body (Yaakkai Nilaiyamai), the impermanence of youth (Ilamai Nilaiyamai), and the impermanence of wealth (Selva Nilaiyamai) are explained through the characters of the epic. It further examines how this great epic presents the fundamental tenets of Buddhism, such as the Twelve Nidanas (Twelve Links of Causality), the consequences of good and evil deeds (Karma), and ideas for social reform.

Literature has continuously evolved through the ages in the form of various books. Within these works, the "four goals of life" (Uruthi Porul) and the nature of impermanence are highlighted. This article discusses in depth how suffering arises due to past sins, the principles of sustenance (Aruthinathu Kotpadu), and the spiritual benefits of performing penance (Thavam). The life journey of Manimekalai subtly illustrates her transformation from an ordinary woman born into the courtesan clan into a noble ascetic and a divine figure who alleviates the "malady of hunger" (Pasippini).

In the history of Tamil literature, the genre known as Chitrilakkiyam (Minor Literature) or Prabandham holds a unique place. Among these, "Parani" is a heroic epic sung in praise of a great warrior who has slain a thousand elephants on the battlefield. Kalingathu-p-Parani, the first Parani work to emerge in Tamil, is hailed by scholars like Ottakkoothar as "Then-Thamizh Deiva Parani" (The Divine Parani of Southern Tamil) due to its poetic excellence and historical data. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the "Porut-suvai" (Richness of Substance/Subject Matter) employed by the author, Jayamkondar.

Centering on the victory of Kulothunga Chola I in the Kalinga War, this work does not limit itself to valor alone. It integrates the essence of Akapporul (Internal/Love aesthetics) in the "Kadai Thirappu" (Opening of the Door) section, descriptions of nature and desert landscapes in the "Kaadu Paadiyathu" (Singing of the Forest) section, and astounding feats of bravery in the "Kalam Paadiyathu" (Singing of the Battlefield) section. Furthermore, this article analytically examines historical truths such as the background of Kulothunga Chola I, the military prowess of his commander Karunakara Tondaiman, and the causes of the Kalinga War through a literary lens. It also explains in detail how Kalingathu-p-Parani serves as a historical document when compared with epigraphical (inscription) evidence.

Tamil Sangam literature provides a rich and detailed window into the environment, lifestyle, industries, and cultural structures of ancient Tamil society. Among the various themes, Neithal Thinai stands out, vividly depicting coastal and marine life, which were integral to this society. The literature extensively elaborates on the lives of Neithal land dwellers, highlighting their maritime knowledge, fishing techniques, community interactions, and their use of marine resources. Key texts such as Agananooru, Purananooru, Natrinai, Kurunthogai, Ingurunooru, and Pattinappalai serve as vital sources, offering deep insights into coastal living and its multifaceted aspects. This paper aims to explore in greater detail the traditional weaving practices, fishing tools, and techniques described in the Sangam texts, as well as the social life of the Parathava community and methods of marine resource utilisation. Additionally, it seeks to shed light on the sophisticated maritime science and the environmental consciousness embedded within Sangam poetry, reflecting the community’s respect for nature and sustainable practices.

This study investigates Thachampathu as a place name that reflects the close interrelationship between Tamil society, occupation, landscape and cultural memory. Adopting a qualitative approach grounded in toponymic analysis, oral traditions and historical references, the study interprets Thachampathu as a settlement shaped by artificer occupations, agrarian practices and the riverine geography of the Vaigai basin.

The paper further explores how the village’s social and economic life is closely linked to traditional craft practices, agriculture and religious, particularly temple-centered community identity. A comparative reference to Thatcham in England highlights how settlements across different cultural contexts preserve traces of livelihood and environment within their place names. Overall, the study argues that Thachampathu is not merely a geographical designation, but a living historical record of people, land use and the continuity of Tamil cultural traditions.

The epics written in Tamil—namely Silappathikaram, Manimekalai, Kundalakesi, Valayapathi, and Seevaka Chinthamani—are collectively known as the Aimperum Kaappiyangal (The Five Great Epics). Among these, Silappathikaram and Manimekalai emerged during the Post-Sangam period, while the rest originated during the Chola period. Among the epics that have appeared in Tamil, only Silappathikaram, Manimekalai, and Periyapuranam were composed with the stories and landscapes of Tamil Nadu as their core themes. The others are adaptations or Tamil translations of works from Sanskrit and Prakrit languages.

These books are named after specific pieces of jewelry. Silappathikaram derives from Silambu, an ornament worn on the feet by women; it is the history born out of Kannagi's anklet. Manimekalai refers to a waist ornament worn by women to keep their attire intact, and thus narrates the story of the woman who wore it. Kundalakesi derives from Kundalam, a type of earring worn by women; Kundalakesi refers to a woman with beautiful hair who wore these earrings, and the book recounts her history. Valayapathi refers to a woman adorned with bangles (Valayal), and the book tells her story. In Seevaka Chinthamani, Chinthamani denotes a precious gem embedded in a king's crown; this book narrates a history written by elevating Seevakan as the crowning jewel. The epics that emerged and gained fame in this manner constitute the Five Great Epics.

This research has been undertaken with the objective of analyzing the cultural traditions of the art of painting among the various cultural heritages featured in these works. Art inherently manifests as an expression of emotion, bringing pleasure and happiness. In that regard, this study illuminates how closely connected the epics are with the fine arts.

The epic Seerapuranam, created with the landscape of Tamil Nadu intersecting with the Arabian Peninsula as its narrative setting, teaches the unparalleled ethics of Islam. It elaborates on the noble efforts undertaken by Prophet Muhammad to establish the Islamic faith. Information regarding the minor battles undertaken by Prophet Muhammad is widely found throughout this epic. Prophet Muhammad, who walks an ethical path rooted in divine principles, aims to suppress evildoers. The minor battles explained in Seerapuranam are depicted as having taken place in the settlements located between the two cities of Mecca and Medina, embodying the values of peace, goodwill, and the eradication of evil. In these battles, non-combat peace and moral ethics were meticulously observed. Among these minor battles, only the Nakhla Raid is recognized as a battle involving direct military action. This was the first time Muslims engaged in combat to capture spoils of war and utilized weapons. This paper examines the literary, historical, and moral principles of these minor battles, while providing a detailed analysis of the interplay of Tamil culture and subsequent commentary traditions.

Human life is fundamentally centered on economics. Indeed, it is the economy that determines the various circumstances and contexts of human existence. In this regard, Balakumaran’s novels illuminate the economic standing and background of women within the social fabric where men and women coexist. Through subtle and nuanced evidence, Balakumaran illustrates how women—whether highly educated professionals holding prestigious positions, those without formal education, or those engaged in domestic life—navigate their lives from an economic perspective. Women constitute an integral part of society; they must attain economic self-sufficiency, for only then can their lives be secure and ensure a dignified social existence. Specifically, by focusing on characters drawn from the middle class, the author has poignantly and profoundly chronicled economic struggles, the pursuit of financial independence, and the myriad challenges that arise from material deprivation.